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Social Stratification (Social class theory and perspective (Conflict…

- - - - Class fragmentation: single families no longer owning large productive resources, gradation of the upper class caused by diversity of stockholders, emergence of managerial class suggest dilution of dominance by single classes to trigger a collaborative effort to overthrow the capitalist system
      - Emergence of white-collar work: shifts from farming/manual work to higher paying jobs in bureaucracy/service sector changed exploitation of labour are perceived, increased ease of social mobility created fewer distinctions between rich/poor
      - Strength of worker organisations: state interventions can suppress and find alternative labour supply
      - More extensive legal protection: legislation/representations in parliament increased need/recognition of workers’ rights
- - - - Disparate groups/nations of people with no fixed boundaries/units of relationships: within changing boundary of premodern state is small elements of nationalism/rudiments of cultural unity/ notions of political territory/structure, leading to transition to a modern state
      - Peasantry/ruler: social relations led to separation between those produce/cultivated land and rulers
      - Social stratification: divisions/hierarchy of layers in society with regard to people’s access to economy/goods
      - Inequality: people (individuals/groups/nations) without equal access to resources, various forms of power, wealth, honor, prestige, cultural capital
    - - 1) Primitive communal/premodern: early civilization, hunter-gather, foraging band
        2) Slavery: economy of conquest, monument building, trade
        3) Caste: status, vocation, socio-ritual function, warna
        4) Estate/Feudal (peasant/agrarian): landowner, plantation worker, crop production
        5) Class systems: Capitalists, proletariats, working class, elites
    - - Ranking: open vs closed
      - Ranking: ascribed vs achieved
      - Legitimisation: custom/ideology/religious beliefs/legal frameworks
  - - - Turn back on State, subsistence mode of production at familial level, distinct local culture/language/religion, can be egalitarian/ranked
    - - Part of premodern state which they provision, subsistence mode of production at familial level, production extracted by state agents, culture/language/religion similar as rest of state, system of ranking through patron-client relations (who have domain over)
      - Dilemma
        
        Both an economic agent and a head of household: balancing demands of the external world against need to provision own households
    - - Dominant power at state/local level (domain), not engaged in productive work but depend on provisions by peasants, culture/language/religion same as peasantry but different in style/mannerisms (more refined/civilised), concerned with ranking at top (being patrons)
    - - Domain
        
        Patrimonial: right to domain/tribute is inherited
        
        Prebendal: not an inheritable right, officials as state servants have rights to the domain/access and keep a portion to tax dues/tribute
        
        Mercantile: private property of landowner, land as commodity for buying/selling/rent-seeking purposes, landowner may exact tribute/rent from occupant
      - Reciprocity
        
        System of exchange: peasant/client surrenders provisions/intangible assets (goods/services/loyalty/votes) to landlord/patron/chieftain, patron will offer protection/economic assistance
        
        Breakdown: capitalist/capitalist-influenced systems where relationships are reduced to marketplace interaction (profit)
      - Characteristic
        
        Patron: upper echelons of community, possessing vital resources and connections to wealth/status/power
        Client: dependent on patrons for resources for survival/security
        
        Greatest: minimal state presence/greater local autonomy, especially within a subsistence economic framework or marked inequalities and little social services for the poor, authoritarian political contexts (little recourse to democratic processes)
        
        Decline in Southeast Asia: unwillingness/reluctance of patrons to sustain/satisfy clients' needs
    - - Political authority: personal/decentralized
        Loyalty of commoners to chieftain: personal/strong/many-sided
        Chieftains: control access/means of production/surplus outcomes
        State: direct relations with chiefs but not commoners, marginalized/irrelevant at local level
    - - Weber: status groups (rankings based on honour/prestige), ritually-ranked occupational/specializations/hereditary/endogamous/non-changeable/closed (but may change over time)
- - - - Category composed of people sharing biologically transmitted traits that members of a society deem socially significant
    - - Prejudice (atittude), discrimination (treatment), stereotyping (generalisation)
      - Racism
        
        Media
        
        Institutional
  - - - Shared cultural heritage, presumed identity facilitates group formation of any kind (particularly in political sphere)
    - - Assimilation
      - Alienation
      - Annhilation
      - Accommodation/Pluralism