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The Civil Rights Movement: 1964 - 1992 (Limitations to Progress 1965-92…
The Civil Rights Movement: 1964 - 1992
High point of 1964-65
Civil rights legislation of Johnson era was a high point for the movement. (
1964 Civil Rights Act
and the
1965 Voting Rights Act
)
Limitations to Progress 1965-92
End of 1980s,
63%
of African Americans graduated from high school.
77%
of white people did
11%
of black people graduated from college,
22%
of white people did
Unemployment remained higher for African Americans
The gap between the average family incomes for white and black families increased at the end of the 80s.
Average hourly rate remained lower for African Americans
African American poverty increase since 50s.
One-third
lived below the poverty line and
one-third
were working in low-skilled jobs whit poorer housing quality
Affirmative Action
Idea was to
compensate
blacks for lack of opportunity and to ensure racial harmony by giving them more of a share in national prosperity
Nixon
, in need for Southern African American votes, introduced the
Philadelphia Plan (1967)
to set quotas for workers in the construction industry
Congress supported the policy with the
Equal Opportunity Act (1972)
.
African American construction workers rose, however civil rights leaders saw the plan as unequal treatment
Busing
Policy of forcing integration in schools by busing African American children into white areas.
Unpopular with public,
Nixon
and
Ford
. It did lead to greater integration but declined in 70s due to lack of support
Swann v Charlotte Mecklenburg 1971
. Ruled busing was a good way to cause integration, even if admission to schools were made on geographic proximity rather than race
Positive Discrimination
Supreme Court made it harder for this to happen.
Regents of the University of California v Bakke 1978
. Reserved spaces for racial minorities banned and racist admissions also banned
Progress by 1992
Civil Rights legislation did not end in 1965. The Voting Rights Act 1965 was renewed and strengthened in
1982
.
African Americans holding office:
100 in 1964
8,000 in 1992
1992, 36 black representatives in Congress
Civil Rights movement declined after 1970. Emergence of
Jesse Jackson
raised possibility of black Presidential candidate, but he failed to achieve Democratic nomination in
1984
and
1988
Rodney King Affair
Civil rights progress challenged by assault of black motorist,
Rodney King
, by white LA police officers. All-white jury acquitted all officers in 1992 and led to unrest
Highlighted remaining inequality - housing disproportionately bigger African American prison presence and unequal treatment of African Americans by the authorities