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EXP 44 Chemical Agents of Control: Disinfectants and Antiseptics Part…

- - - - MECHANISMS
        
        Germicidal effect caused by alteration of protein
        structure resulting in protein denaturation.
        
        Surface-active agent (surfactant) precipitates
        cellular proteins and disrupts cell membranes.
      - USE
        
        5% solution: disinfection.
        
        0.5% to 1% solutions: Antiseptic effect and relief of itching as it exerts a local anesthetic effect on sensory nerve endings.
    - - MECHANISMS
        
        Similar to phenol.
        
        Poisonous and must be used externally.
        
        50% solution of cresols in vegetable oil, known as
        Lysol®.
      - USE
        
        2% to 5% Lysol solutions used as
        disinfectants.
    - - MECHANISMS
        
        Germicidal activity similar to phenol.
      - USE
        
        reduction of pathogenic organisms on skin; added to detergents,soaps, lotions, and creams.
        
        effective against gram-positive
        organisms.
        
        An antiseptic used topically.
    - - MECHANISMS
        
        Germicidal activity similar to that of phenol
        
        Acts by precipitating cell protein.
      - USE
        
        Antiseptic.
        
        Keratolytic agent for softening or
        dissolving keratin in epidermis.
    - - MECHANISMS
        
        Germicidal activity similar to that of phenol
      - USE
        
        treatment of worm infections.
        
        urinary antiseptic.
    - - MECHANISMS
        
        related to the cresols.
        
        more effective than phenol.
      - USE
        
        Antifungal activity.
        
        treatment of hookworm infections.
        
        mouthwashes and gargle
        solutions.
  - - - MECHANISMS
        
        Lipid solvent.
        
        denaturation and coagulation of proteins.
        
        Wetting agent used in tinctures to increase the wetting ability of other chemicals.
        
        Germicidal activity increases with increasing molecular weight.
      - USE
        
        Skin antiseptics:ethyl—50% to 70%.
        isopropyl—60% to 70%.
  - - - Germicidal effect resulting from rapid
        combination with proteins.
      - Chlorine reacts with water to form hypochlorous
        acid, which is bactericidal.
      - oxidizing agent.
      - non competitively inhibits enzymes, especially those dealing with glucose metabolism, by reacting with Sh and nh2 groups on the enzyme molecule.
      - USE
        
        Water purification.
        
        Sanitation of utensils in dairy and restaurant industries.
        
        Chloramine, 0.1% to 2% solutions, for wound irrigation and dressings.
        
        microbicidal.
    - - MECHANISMS
        
        mechanism of action is not entirely known, but it
        is believed that it precipitates proteins.
        
        Surface-active agent.
      - USE
        
        tinctures of iodine are used for skin antisepsis.
        
        treatment of goiter.
        
        effective against spores, fungi, and viruses.
- - - - inorganic
        
        mercury bichloride
        mercurial ointments
        
        MECHANISMS
        
        mercuric ion brings about precipitation of
        cellular proteins.
        
        noncompetitive inhibition of specific enzymes caused by reaction with sulfhydryl group (Sh) on enzymes of bacterial cells.
        
        USE
        
        inorganic mercurials are irritating to tissues, toxic systemically, adversely affected by organic matter, and incapable of acting on spores.
        
        mercury compounds are mainly used as disinfectants of laboratory materials.
      - organic
        
        mercurochrome
        
        (merbromin)
        
        merthiolate (thimerosal)
        
        metaphen (nitromersol)
        
        merbak (acetomeroctol)
        
        mechanisms
        
        Similar to those of inorganic mercurials, but in
        proper concentrations are useful antiseptics.
        
        much less irritating than inorganic mercurials.
        
        use
        
        Less toxic, less irritating; used
        mainly for skin asepsis.
        
        do not kill spores.
    - - mechanisms
        
        Precipitate cellular proteins.
        
        interfere with metabolic activities of microbial
        cells.
        
        inorganic salts are germicidal.
      - use
        
        Asepsis of mucous membrane of
        throat and eyes.
  - - - Wetting agents: emulsifiers, soaps, and detergents
        
        mechanisms
        
        Lower surface tension and aid in mechanical
        removal of bacteria and soil.
        
        if active portion of the agent carries a negative electric charge, it is called an anionic surface active agent. if active portion of the agent carries a positive electric charge, it is called a cationic surface-active agent.
        
        exert bactericidal activity by interfering with or by depressing metabolic activities of microorganisms.
        
        disrupt cell membranes
        
        Alter cell permeability
        
        use
        
        Weak action against fungi, acid-fast
        microorganisms, spores, and viruses
    - - Cationic agents: Quaternary ammonium compounds and Benzalkonium chloride
        
        mechanisms
        
        Lower surface tension because of keratolytic,
        detergent, and emulsifying properties.
        
        their germicidal activities are reduced by soaps.
        
        use
        
        Bactericidal, fungicidal; inactive
        against spores and viruses.
        
        Asepsis of intact skin.
        
        disinfectant for operating-room
        equipment.
        
        dairy and restaurant sanitization.
    - - Anionic agents: tincture of green soap and Sodium tetradecyl sulfate
        
        neutral or alkaline salts of high-molecular-weight
        acids. Common soaps included in this group.
        
        exert their maximum activity in an acid medium
        and are most effective against gram-positive cell.
        
        Same as all surface-active agents.
        
        use
        
        Cleansing agent.
        
        Sclerosing agent in treatment of
        varicose veins and internal hemorrhoids
    - - mechanisms
        
        destruction of cell wall and cell membrane.
        
        Coagulation of proteins.
      - disinfection; however, of little
        practical value.
  - - - room disinfection.
      - Alcoholic solution for instrument
        disinfection.
      - Specimen preservation.
  - - - Sterilization of tissue for grafting.
      - destruction of hepatitis virus.
      - room disinfection.