TU's in 1960's

Factors

TP's

Presidents

JFK (1961-63)

LBJ (1963-69)

Nixon (1969-74)

Grassroots

From 1965, the new wave of immigrants from Asia increased labour divisions - bargaining

Economic/societal shifts

From the 1960s, the close association between organised labour and the Democrat Party was weakening, so union power was taken over by the War on Poverty and the Vietnam War

Federal govt

By 1968 affirmative action had increased African Americans in the construction industry from 1% to 12%

AA

Civil Rights Act (1964) – made discrimination on the basis of race illegal, so helped minorities when applying for jobs as well as women

Even though President Johnson’s Great Society helped some poor inner-city minorities, this did not help minorities across the whole country and was damaged by the Vietnam War

'Great society'

TU's

Although AFL-CIO, by 1969 many affiliated unions still discriminated against minorities and they found it hard to be accepted into craft unions

Employers and opposition

  • By 1969, inadequate education or experience could easily be used by employers to not give jobs to African Americans
  • African Americans held only about 3% of apprenticeships in 1969

President Kennedy’s Commission on the Status of Women, which reported in 1963, recommended fair hiring practises

Equal Pay Act (1963) – made discrimination on the basis of gender illegal and established the idea of equal pay for equal work

In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson expanded affirmative action in the federal government to include women

By 1969, federal funding provided an incentive for some employers to adopt equal pay

In the 1950s and 1960s, “new” feminism emerged, which particularly aimed to gain equal pay for women

Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1964) – made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of age and to specify age preferences in job advertisements - pay/cond

President Nixon’s Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) – introduced health and safety requirements for the workplace


By 1960, due to the formation of AFL-CIO, unions were more successful in bargaining over wage rates and working conditions

Affirmative action