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TU's in 1960's (Factors (Federal govt (By 1968 affirmative action…
TU's in 1960's
Factors
Grassroots
From 1965, the new wave of immigrants from Asia increased labour divisions - bargaining
In the 1950s and 1960s, “new” feminism emerged, which particularly aimed to gain equal pay for women
Economic/societal shifts
From the 1960s, the close association between organised labour and the Democrat Party was weakening, so union power was taken over by the War on Poverty and the Vietnam War
Federal govt
By 1968 affirmative action had increased African Americans in the construction industry from 1% to 12%
In 1967, President Lyndon Johnson expanded affirmative action in the federal government to include women
Civil Rights Act (1964) – made discrimination on the basis of race illegal, so helped minorities when applying for jobs as well as women
Even though President Johnson’s Great Society helped some poor inner-city minorities, this did not help minorities across the whole country and was damaged by the Vietnam War
President Kennedy’s Commission on the Status of Women, which reported in 1963, recommended fair hiring practises
Equal Pay Act (1963) – made discrimination on the basis of gender illegal and established the idea of equal pay for equal work
By 1969, federal funding provided an incentive for some employers to adopt equal pay
Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1964) – made it illegal to discriminate on the basis of age and to specify age preferences in job advertisements - pay/cond
President Nixon’s Occupational Safety and Health Act (1970) – introduced health and safety requirements for the workplace
TU's
Although AFL-CIO, by 1969 many affiliated unions still discriminated against minorities and they found it hard to be accepted into craft unions
By 1960, due to the formation of AFL-CIO, unions were more successful in bargaining over wage rates and working conditions
Employers and opposition
- By 1969, inadequate education or experience could easily be used by employers to not give jobs to African Americans
- African Americans held only about 3% of apprenticeships in 1969
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