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Chemistry Paper 1 (electronic structures and the periodic table (arranged…
Chemistry Paper 1
electronic structures and the periodic table
arranged in order of proten no.
groups (down) have similar properties
groups have same no. of outer shell electrons
group no. = no. of outer shell electrons
metals - left, form positive ions
non-metals - right, form negative ions
group 0 - full outer shell
structure of atom
nucleus
protons - +ve - relative mass of 1
neutrons - no charge - relative mass of 1
no overall charge - protons = electrons
-ve electrons orbit, tiny - neglible relative mass
mass no. = protons+neutrons
proton no. = no. of protons
periodic table arranged in order of proton number
reactivity series
most metals compoud in rock
must e extracted
some metals more reactive than others
group 1 metals release hydrogen and a metal hydroxide when reacted with water
metals produce hydrogen gas when reacted with water or dilute acid
list of metals in order of reactivity
displacement reactions
more reactive metal will replace less reactive metal
i.e. magnesium+copper(III) sulfate ==> magnesium sulfate + copper
oxidation = loss of electrons
reduction = gain of electrons
OILRIG
half equations can be used
electronic structure
electrons orbit nucleus in shells
occupy lowest available energy shell
2,8,8
sodium = 2,8,1
shows no. of electrons in each shell
development of periodic table
19th century - sceintists tried to find patterns - atomic weight order
newland - law of octaves
order of atomic weight, every 8th atom similar
new elements didn't fit, idea not accepted
mendeleev
order of atomic weight
pattern in properties could be seen
left gaps for undiscovered elements
predicted properties of undiscovered elements, ended up correct, idea accepted
isotopes discovered and added