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The British Empire: India and Egypt Administration (India (Main means of…
The British Empire: India and Egypt Administration
India
Main means of British Control
self rule explicitly denied
Indian Raj officials enjoyed unrestricted power until 1909
Viceroy backed by Indian Civil Service
Divide and rule - divisions emphasised, asserted Britain's moral authority to bring enlightened reform
Movement of capital from Calcutta to Delhi to undermine revolutionary Hindu groups as Delhi was a Muslim stronghold
Degree of Native Involvement in Government
1909 - element of representative government introduced at provincial level introduced through Indian Councils Act
Creation of an 'Anglo-Idian' administrative elite
Native Opposition to British Control
Indian National Congress 1885 - campaigned for home rule
Pressure from social and humanitarian groups such as the 'The Servants of Indian Society' - active amongst untouchable communities - wanted to see reform of old restrictive laws and practices
Uproar from Hindu-elite of West Bengal over the partition of Bengal 1905 as they owned land in the East - there where strikes, protests and boycotts
Degree of British Control in 1914
Viceroy Hardinge declared war on India's behalf - test of her commitment to British rule
For the most part, the Indian population accepted Britain's efforts but Indian service during the war awakened hopes of a 'new deal' for the Indians
Egypt
Main means of British Control
'Veiled protectorate' with Britain running Egyptian affairs and British advisors watching over every aspect of the government
Caisse de la Dette - European powers controlled Egypt's finances
All but Egyptian government ministers had the 'support' of British advisors and if they rejected British advice or interference the could be dismissed
Baring:
made cutbacks to Egypt's military and bureaucracy
He revitalised the economy by investing in irrigation schemes and improving communications
He also introduced better sanitation and health services in towns
Introduced 6000 British troops within Egypt's army to ensure British interests were not jeopardised by disturbances. The army was also placed under the command of Kitchener
Egyptians were rarely offered more than a few years of elementary schooling as education led to a growth in national protest
Gorst tried to impose a tighter censorship of the press 1909 and used various penal measures in an attempt to reduce growing nationalism within Egypt
1913 - new Legislative Assembly replaced
Degree of Native Involvement in Government
Mixed Courts - cases involving both Europeans and Egyptians were presided over by European and Egyptian judges
Partially elected Parliament consisting of an Advisory Council of Laws and a general Assembly
Gorst brought more Egyptians into responsible government positions in an attempt to weaken the Egyptian National Party
Native Opposition to British Control
Growing middle-class national movement
A national party formed in 1881 was revived in 1893 as a secret society which sought the end of British occupation and the placement of their own representative government
!906 Denashwai incident led to further questioning of British rule in Egypt
Degree of British Control in 1914
Dec;ared a formal protectorate once the First World War began in 1914
Ruling Khedive was disposed and his successor Hussein kamel was compelled to declare himself as an independent Sultan of Egypt under British protection