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Plant and Human Defence Responses (Plant Defence Response (Poisons - Deter…
Plant and Human Defence Responses
Plant Defence Response
Poisons - Deter herbivores (kill or harm them)
Thorns - Hurt / Physically deter animals so that the animal learns not to eat that plant (again)
Hairs - Deter smaller herbivores and insects
Cellulose Cell Walls - Strong to prevent pathogens from entering (However aphids can pierce through with sharp teeth and carry pathogens in their saliva)
Waxy Cuticles - Tough (Cuticle) stops pathogens from entering plant (Cannot be everywhere as stomata must also be present to allow CO2 in and out of cells)
Mimicry - (Imitation) Some plant mimic unhealthy by drooping, this tricks animals into not eating them
Bark - Forms a protective layer
Leaves fall - This means that the pathogens inside them fall with the leaf meaning they don't harm the plant
Human Defence Response
Skin - Forms outer barrier which prevents infections from entering body
Lungs - Mucus and tiny hairs called
Cilia
(in the airways) trap and sweep out microbes
Nose - Coarse hairs which filter debris
Eyes - Produce tears, which contain a natural antiseptic
Stomach - Hydrochloric acids (pH 1-2) which denatures bacterial enzymes
Blood - Cuts and wounds are sealed by
Platelets
which are transported in blood plasma
Platelets - Form a clot if you cut yourself
White Blood Cells
Lymphocytes
One type produces antibodies which attack and kill the foreign cells
The second type of lymphocytes produce anti-toxins which neutralise any toxins the foreign cells make
Phagocytes
These engulf and digest any of the foreign/invading cells
What do white blood cells do?
White blood cells protect our body
They know which antigens are from our cells and which ones are foreign
When they see a foreign antigen, they attack in 1 of 3 ways
They travel through the bloodstream
After they defeat a type of antigens the white blood cells make memory cells so they know what antibodies to make if they see this antigen in the future