Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Judy Brinjikji - Galileo Galilei (Discovery of the use of telescope) (Who…
Judy Brinjikji - Galileo Galilei (Discovery of the use of telescope)
Who is Marco Polo?
Marco Polo is one of the first and most famous Europeans that traveled Asia during the Middle Ages.
He traveled through the Silk Road to China and Mongolia during his 24 year journey and became a confidant of Kublai Khan.
His adventures inspired European map makers and Christopher Colombus.
What is Marco Polo's early life?
Marco was born around the year 1254 into a wealthy venetian family.
His father, Niccolo and his uncle were jewel merchants and spent much of Marco's childhood in Asia.
Marco's mother died when he was young and he was raised by extended family.
The Polo brothers went to China and met the Mongol leader Kublai Khan at his court in Beijing.
Kublai Khan expressed interest in christianity and requested that the Polo brothers return to Rome to speak to the pope on his behalf.
Khan wanted pope to send the Polo brothers again with holy water and a 100 learned priests.
The pope did not grant the Polo's request, so they decided to return to Asia and take 17 years old Marco with them.
How did Marco Polo become a confidant of Kublai Khan?
The Polo's journey to Beijing took 3-4 years.
They traveled overland through Armenia, Persia, Afghanistan, and the Pamir mountains. Then they cut across the Gobi desert to Beijing.
The Polos reached Beijing and met Kublai at his summer palace which the strucure of enchanted Marco.
Kublai invited the Polos to stay and Niccolo and Maffeo to become part of his court.
While Marco immersed himself in the Chinese culture and quickly learned the language.
Khan was impressed with Marco and appointed him the postion of special envoy.
Marco learned to speak four languages and exhibited curiosity and tolerance regarding the people he met with.
Khan recognized Marco's talents and made him devoted to serving, Marco was devoted to serving the emperor.
This postion allowed Marco Polo to travel to places that he Europeans had never seen like Tibet, Burma, or India.
Over the years, Marco was promoted to governor of a Chinese city, to the tax inspector in Yaznhou.
Marco Polo was impressed with China's empire's paper money, efficient communication system, coal burning, gunpower, and porcelain.
How did Marco Polo's book introduce people to the wonders of China?
A couple of years later, Marco was captures, and while being held in prison, he met a romance writer called Rustichello.
While in prison, Marco dictated his adventures to Rustichello, written in french are known as "The Travels of Marco Polo".
Many copies of his book were translated into different languages. But the people realized the book contained the truth about his travels and what he witnessed after his death.
The book came before the printing press and hand-copied manuscripts.
When Polo was on his deathbed in 1324, visitors visited him to claim the book was fiction, while he proclaimed, "I have not told half of what I saw."
People began to question if Marco Polo have actually visited China.
In his book, Polo mentions the currencies used in China, including paper currency. He also mentions the use of burning coal. Many of the place names he gives are now identified. His description of the grand canal of China is very accurate.
The information in Marco Polo's book proved vital to European geographic understanding and inspired many explorers including Christopher Colombus.
About 50 years after Marco's death, his book began to be utilized in the making of maps, where catoghraphers included the descriptions of his travel routes and names and terms he used to name locations in the drawing of their maps.
(
https://www.livescience.com/27513-marco-polo.html
)
How is Galileo Galilei a "modern day" Marco Polo?
What are some similarities of Galileo Galilei and Marco Polo?
They are both from the same powerful European country, Italy. Galileo is from Pisa, while Marco is from Venice.
They both changed the view and beliefs of people. Marco changed the view of the western world where he showed people that the Chinese had huge advancements and were also accomplished. While Galileo changed the perspectives and beliefs of people of the earth and how it is located, as he also proved some scientists to be wrong like Aristotle and his theory about the moon.
Both were under arrest, Marco was captured in war and sent to prison where he met a writer, while Galileo was under arrest for challenging some beliefs of the Roman Catholic Church.
Both wrote a book about their observations and findings. Marco told his story to the writer in prison as the writer wrote it, while Galileo wrote his own books about his findings of the solar system.
Both of them became famous after they wrote their books and acomplished them.
Both books were not believed at first. Marco's book was read as fiction. Galileo's book was not believed by the people as they believed the sun to be in the center of the universe for many years.
What are the differences of Galileo Galilei and Marco Polo?
They both discovered different realms of the world, but Marco Polo traveled Asia during the Middle Ages and discovered China and its huge advancements and accomplishments. While Galileo discovered with the telescope that the Copernicus' theory is right.
Marco Polo traveled Asia to discover China's advancements and accomplishments, while Galileo Galilei discovered the Copernicus theory using the telescope.
Marco Polo inspired European mapmakers and Christopher Columbus with his book, while Galileo Galilei influenced many people such as Johannes Kepler, Christiaan Huygens, Robert Boyle, Evangelista Torricelli, and Vincenzo Viviani.
Galileo's acheivements include improvements to the telescope, astronomical observations, and advancements on physics and science. While Marco's acheivements include introducing gun powder and silk, and he also uncovered China to the Europeans.
Galileo Galilei also made the most notable discovery about the pendulum-the period does not depend on the arc of the swing. Marco's most notable discovery on the silk road because it was a mystrey before.
Who is Galileo Galilei?
Galileo Galilei is an Italian scientist that made some
observations and laid the foundation for modern physics and astronomy.
He was born in February 15, 1564. And died in January 8, 1642.
He is an Italian astronomer, mathematician, physicist, philosopher and professor that made some new observations of nature.
He constructed a telescope and supported the Copernican theory, that supports a sun-centered solar system.
He was accused twice of his beliefs by the church, and wrote books about his ideas.
His conributions of our understanding of the universe were significant by his discoveries, the methods that he developed, and the use of mathematics to prove them.
He played a major role in the scientific revolution and earned the monikor "The Father of Modern Science."
(
https://www.biography.com/people/galileo-9305220
)
What was his life like? How did he become famous?
Galileo Galilei is an Italian scientist who was born in Pisa in 1564, and is the first of six children of Vincenzo Galilei, a musician and scholar.
In 1581, he entered the university of Pisa to study medicine, but was soon interested in mathematics.
In 1583, he made his first discovery, describing the rules that govern the motion of pendulums.
From 1589 to 1610, Galileo was chair of mathematics at the universities of Pisa and Padua.
During his years of teaching, Galileo preformed the experiments with falling bodies which made his most significant contributions to physics.
(
https://www.history.com/topics/galileo-galilei
)
What was he most famous for?
Galileo Galilei discovered many things and created a theory.
In 1609, Galileo enhanced the power of the telescope which was invented by Hans Lippershey.
Galileo learned of the spyglass and began to experiment with telescope with telescope-making, grinding and polishing the lenses of it.
His telescope allowed him to see with a magnification of 8 or 9 times, which made it possible to see that the Moon had mountains and that Jupiter had satellites.
Galileo was most famous for the discovery of the telescope.
(
https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/what-was-galileos-contribution-astronomy
)
How did Hans Lippershey invent the telescope?
Hans Lippershey invented the telescope in 1608 and is traditionally credited for inventing it.
He applied to the State General of the Netherlands for a 30-year patent for his telescope which he called a kijker, meaning "looker". In exchange in which he offered not to sell the telescope.
The States General ruled that no patent should be granted because so many people knew about the telescope and it can be easily copied.
The importance of the telescope was recognised by Jacques Bovedere of Paris; in which he showed the telescope to Galileo and promptly built his own and discovered.
(
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hans-Lippershey
)
What is the Copernican theory?
It is the theory in astronomy that is the model of the solar system centred on the sun, with Earth and other planets moving around it.
This theory was formulated by Nicolaus Copernicus and published in 1543.
The Copenican system made a truer picture of the sun than the Ptolemaic system which was centred on Earth.
This system correctly described the sun as having a central position relative to the Earth and other planets.
(
https://www.britannica.com/science/Copernican-system
)
What was the Ptolemaic system?
The Ptolemaic system is a mathematical model of the universe which was formulated by the Alexandrian astronomer and mathematician Ptolemy in the AD 150.
This system is a geocentric cosmology, it is assuming that the Earth is stationery and is at the centre of the universe.
The expectation was that the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars must travel along a perfect circle.
But the paths of the Sun, Moon, and planets as observed from the Earth are not circular.
Later, Ptolemy's system became a standard feature of medieval cosmology when the Copernicus system proposed a model of the Earth and Planets all orbiting the sun.
(
https://www.britannica.com/science/Ptolemaic-system
)
What were Galileo Galilei's other discoveries with the telescope?
Galileo Galilei thought that it wasn't enough that people in authority had been saying that something was true for centuries, so he wanted to test their ideas and compare them to the evidence. At his time, what he wanted to do was a shocking idea and was one of the reasons to why he got into trouble. He discovered...
Craters and mountains on the Moon: The Moon's surface was rough, with mountains and craters where their shadows changed with the position of the sun. Galileo was able to use the length of the shadows to estimate the height of the lunar mountains, proving that they were similar to the Earth.
The phases of Venus: This planet showed some changing phases like the Moon, but their geometry could only be explained if the planet was moving around the sun rather than the Earth.
Jupiter's Moons: The planets had four tiny satellites that moved around it. These are known as the Galilean moons: Io, Ganymede, Europa and Callisto. These showed that not everything in the heavens revolved around the earth.
The stars of the Milky Way: Galileo saw that the Milky Way was not just misty light, it was made up of thousands of stars.
The first pendulum clock: Galileo designed a major component for the first pendulum clock, Galileo's escapement. The design was unbuilt until after the construction for the first pendulum clock.
(
https://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/what-was-galileos-contribution-astronomy
)
How did he discover them?
Galileo Galilei's observations of the solar system and Milky way have changed our understanding of our place in the universe.
For sure, if Galileo was around today, he would be amazed by the explorations of our solar system and beyond by NASA.
In 1609, Galileo became the first person with the help of the telescope to record observations of the sky. And he soon made his first astonomical discovery.
At that time, most scientists believed that the Moon has a smooth surface, but Galileo discovered that the Moon has mountains, pits, and other features similar to the Earth.
When Galileo pointed his telescope at Jupiter, he made another disovery. The planet had four moons in orbit of Jupiter. His discovery challenged some beliefs in his time about the bodies of our solar system.
Then, Galileo turned to Venus, where he observed it, and with his observations of the phases of Venus, he was able to figure out that the planet orbits the Sun, and not the Earth as it was the common belief at his time.
Not knowing that looking at the Sun would damage the eyesigh, Galileo used his telescope to observe the Sun. He discovered that the Sun has sunspots, which appear to be dark.
Galileo's discoveries about the sunspots, Moon, Jupiter's moons, and Venus supported his theory that the Sun was the center of the Universe.
Galileo's work laid the foundation for today's modern probes and telescopes.
(
https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/307/galileos-observations-of-the-moon-jupiter-venus-and-the-sun/
)
How did his discoveries change the world?How did his discoveries challenge the perspectives/beliefs of people?
Galileo mad money building and selling his telescope to customers.
The telescope revolutionised the astronomical beliefs and had a profound impact on scientific methodology, which allowed more exact mathematical equations.
This telescope discovery also brought into focus the dispute between those who followed the ancient belief of Greek and Egyptian scientists that the Earth was the center of the universe and that planets revolved around it. Where those who followed the Corpenican theory that our Earth is just one of a planets revolving around the sun.
Galileo became even more convinced with the Corpenican theory after he used the telescope and discovered. But that brought him into conflict with the Roman Catholic Church.
He was then attacked by some churchmen in 1610, arguing that god had made the Earth the center of the universe as a home for man.
By 1616, the official attention of the church was taken by matter. With the formal condemnation as "false and contrary to scripture."
In 1632, Galileo published a defense of his views, which landed him infront of the Inquisition. The Holy Office tried him, and found him guilty of being "vehemently" suspect of heresy, and placed him under house arrest.
The Holy Office also forced Galileo to contradict, and he did. It took the church 359 years to rehabilate Galileo. But in 1992, the Vatican formally acknowledged that Galileo Galilei is right. (
https://www.rferl.org/a/Four_Hundred_Years_Ago_Galileos_Telescope_Changed_The_World/1807134.html
)
When were Galileo's discoveries accepted?
In 1992, the Vatican formally acknowledged that Galileo Galilei is right and they were wrong. But Galileo died in 1642 still under house arrest.
(
https://www.rferl.org/a/Four_Hundred_Years_Ago_Galileos_Telescope_Changed_The_World/1807134.html
)
How did Galileo Galilei discover the use of telescope to discover the night sky?
In 1609, Galileo built his first telescope to use it for astronomical purposes and prove the ideas of the people about the Ptolemaic system and compare them to the evidence since he believed in the Copernican theory, he wanted to prove he's right with his discoveries.
He used the telescope to prove that the Copernican theory is right, and he proved that it's right, but this was shocking to the Roman Catholic Church and that got him into trouble.
Hans Lippershey was the first to create a telescope and he applied it to the State General and offered not to sell it. The telescope was recognized by Jacques Bovedere and he showed it to Galileo, where Galileo went and built his own.
Was Galileo Galilei inspired or influenced by someone to discover the telescope?
Copernicus: He greatly influenced Galileo Galilei, he created the sun-center theory. In which stated that the sun is the stationary center of the universe and that all planets and Earth revolve around it. The Roman Catholic Church did not believe in this theory, while Galileo Galilei strongly believed in it.
Hans Lippershey: He improved the magnification of the telescopes. When Galileo heard about the of the improvements that Hans Lippershey mad to the telescope, he was inspired to improve it too and was able to make a telescope with 30 times greater magnification.
Aristotle: He believed that earthly things, (fire, air, earth and water) were not perfect, because they could change or die; while heavenly bodies, made of a perfect substance, were completely different, as they could not change. Aristotle believed that things beyond the earth were perfect, such as the moon, with it’s smooth surface. Galileo believed differently, using his telescope to prove that the Moon has mountains and craters, it resembled Earth more than a heavenly body. Using these observations, Galileo disproved Aristotle’s theory.
Vincenzo Galilei: He is Galileo's father. When Galileo was young, his father performed experiments with him, like studying the relationship between pitch, and the tension of strings. These experiments helped Galileo find an interest in science.
(
https://sites.google.com/a/torahacademy.org/galileo/home/influences
)