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TASK 1 (LINDBERG et al (Invention of literature) (The Arab Empire…
TASK 1
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ARTICLE 2: Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans
• Nonhuman primates maintain group cohesion through social grooming; among the Old World monkeys and apes, social grooming time is linearly related to group size
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It is suggested that
- The evolution of large groups in the human lineage depended on developing a more efficient method for time-sharing the processes of social bonding
- That language uniquely fulfils this requirement
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Introduction:
the evolution of neocortical size is driven by the ecological factors that select for group size, we can use the relationship in reverse to predict group sizes for living species
• The larger the group, the more time individuals devote to grooming with the members of their coalitional clique
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o Informal rule in business organization: 150 as the critical limit for the effective coordination of tasks and information flow through direct person-to-person links
o Grooming = bonding mechanism dyadic and time consuming language overcomes these limitations (cheap form of social grooming
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• Kinship relevant to individuals' decisions about whom to group with often provides a convenient means of structuring a hierarchy
o Also, common interest, and biological, economic, and social dimensions
TURNING TIDE IN THE WEST
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Renaissance = cultural movement from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century based on a rediscovery and imitation of the classical Greek and Roman civilizations. (started in Italy, 14th century -> 17th century
Andreas Vesalius → restarted and dramatically extended the Greek studies on human anatomy (including dissection)
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Martin Luther
Protestant Reformation = movement against the Roman Catholic Church, which was important for the development of science, because it emphasized the need for education, critical thinking, hard work and worldly success. (starting in 1516
• Large parts of Europe no longer being under the control of the Roman Catholic Church
more importance to education, critical thinking, hard work and worldly success
• according to sociologist Max Weber, this is one of the reasons why the Protestant countries started to outperform the Catholic countries scientifically and economically
by Johannes Gutenberg around 1450, metal letters placed in a matric - book printing
- Knowledge came much more within reach
- Constant danger of loss or destruction ( because books were so rare)
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- Work on same copy of a book -> much easier to correspond and collaborate
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