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Romantic Programme Piano Miniatures ("Kinderszenen" - Schumann…
Romantic Programme
Piano Miniatures
"Kinderszenen" - Schumann 1838
Scenes of childhood
Describe different aspects of a child's life
Intended for adults to play
No. 4 Bittendes Kind
Entreating Child
ABCA structure
4 bar phrases
D major - G major - A major - D major
Mostly arch shaped melodies
2-4
Melody mostly quavers + crotchets
Accompaniment of semiquavers
Melody + Accompaniment texture
Functional harmony
Imperfect cadence bars2+6
Cadential 64 bar 10
Chromatic chords Eg. Diminished 7th bar2
Range A2-G5
No. 5 Gluckes Genug
Perfect Happiness
AAA' structure
8 bar phrases with anacrusis
Transitory modulation
D major - F major - D major
Arch shaped, disjunct melodies
2-4
Regular pattern of semiquavers + quavers
Melody-led homophony texture
Functional harmony
Perfect cadence bar1-2
Cadential 6-4 bar24
Chromatic chords Eg. Dominant 7th bar6
Range A1-A5
No.6 Wichtige Begebenheit
An Important Event
AB:||A structure
8 bar phrases with anacrusis
Transitory modulation
A major - D major - A major
A: Conjunct descending melody in 2 bar sequence
B: Repeating note + disjunct
3-4
Contrasting rhythms
A: Dotted rhythms
B: Straight quavers
Homophonic texture
Functional harmony
Perfect cadence bar8
Chromatic chords Eg. Diminished 7th bar3+5
Secondary dominant bar2+21
Range C1-A5
No.7 Traumerei
Dreaming
A:||A'A structure
Monothematicism
Transitory modulation
F major - G minor - B major - D minor - F major
Arch shaped melodies with repeating motif
4-4
Mostly quaver movement
Melody-led homophony texture
Functional harmony
Imperfect cadence bar4
Chromatic chords Eg. Diminished 7th bar7
Secondary dominants
Range B2-B5
"Pictures at an Exhibition" - Mussorgsky 1874
Inspired by 10 pictures by Victor Hartmann
Promenade (2nd)
Joins together pictures - As if walking between
Alternates time signatures 5-4 and 6-4
Texture
Melody in LH harmonised with parallel block chords in RH
Similar to Renaissance technique 'fauxbourdon'
Principal melody or cantus firmus harmonised in parallel music
The Old Castle
Drone
Sustained G sharp
Starts with a perfect 5th
Link to medieval music
Parallel writing
Medieval harmony stereotypes
G# minor (without F*)
No sharpened leading note sounds modal
Harmonically very static
Non-functional
Compound time
Samuel Goldenburg + Schmuyle
Evoking music of the Cantor
Augmented 2nds to echo Phrygian dominant scale used in Jewish music
Unusual rhythms, as if improvised
Ornamentation + triplets
Octaves texture for first 8 bars
Overall
Block chords/8ves
Avoiding arpeggios
Melody + Accompaniment
Melody in 8ves portraying fictional characters
Eg. Gnomus + Baba yaga
Not traditional 19th Century piano accompaniment
Not idiomatic
Irregular phrase lengths
"Lyric Pieces" - Grieg 1896
Norwegian Nationalism
"Wedding day at Troldhaguen"
Overall
Recognisable melody - Singable, Feels like a folksong
Focus on homophony/melody-led homophony
Heavy, thick, block chords
Using full force of iron-framed piano - loud/fill concert hall
Virtuosic moments
Harmony
Chromatic
Added note chords Eg. Eminor9
Parallel 5ths harmonically striking
Tends to go to flat keys
Cadences suggest functional harmony
Drone not teleological = elements of non-functional harmony
Dramatic textural + dynamic contrasts
ABA form
B - Poco tranquillo
G major
Drone creating texture
Not harmonically complex
Added note harmony Eg. 7th + 9th chords
Secondary dominant A7-D
Some chromatic chords
Melody: Sequence, Conjunct, Syncopated, Simple shape
Memorable, Singable, Sounds like a folk melody
Context
Development of the piano
Wooden frame - Iron frame
Increased volume
Popular with middle + upper classes
Household instrument
Increased range of keyboard
Development of virtuoso
Increased concert performances
Increased consumption of concerts/live music
Increased demand for music which could be played at home