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Medicine 1700-1900 (Jenner and vaccination (Vaccination and smallpox (By…
Medicine 1700-1900
Jenner and vaccination
Vaccination and smallpox
By 1800, around 100 000 people worldwide had been vaccinated, but the practice took time to become popular in Britain
In 1802, the Royal Jennerian Society was set up to promote vaccination and, by 1804, over 12 000 British people had been vaccinated
In 1798, the Royal Society refused to publish Jenner's ideas, so he paid to print his findings in An Enquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variola Vaccinae. He included detailed instructions so that others could follow them
In 1840, the government began paying for vaccinations, which were made compulsory in 1852
In the 1790s, Jenner used scientific methods for carrying out experiments to test his theory and observe and record the results. He infected local people with cowpox and then tried to infect them with smallpox. None of them caught smallpox
In 1979, WHO, the World Health Organisation, announced that smallpox had been wiped out
Jenner collected evidence of the success and failure of smallpox inoculations. He regularly treated people for the mild disease, cowpox, and noticed that these people never caught smallpox
Since the 17020s, doctors had been inoculating people against smallpox by infecting them with a mild version of the disease. This could still kill and only the very rich could afford it
Jenner's importance
saved the lives of millions - he didn't know why it worked - the like between coups and smallpox was unique, so it didn't lead to other vaccinations - other diseases were still killing people
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Opposition to Jenner
they thought it was wrong to give people an animal's disease - it interfered with God's plan - doctors lost money when the government offered vaccination free - some doctors didn't vaccinate people properly so it didn't work
Smallpox
18th century, smallpox killed more children than any other disease
thousands of adults died, too, and survivors were often left with terrible scars.
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Germ Theory and microbes
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Microscopes
By 1700, microscopes had developed so that cloudy images of what would become known as bacteria or germs could be seen
By 1850, microscopes had further improved so that extremely tiny images could be seen clearly
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Fighting cholera in London, 1854
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The work of John Snow
popular doctor - observed the cholera epidemic of 1848-49 and began work on his theory that cholera was spread through contaminated drinking water, not by miasma
when cholera broke out again in 1854 he mapped all the deaths and found a strong link to one water pump on Broad Street
he removed the handle from the pump so people couldn't collect water from it and the number of deaths fell dramatically
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In 1855, Snow presented his findings to the government
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