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TASK 7: Sleep (Palmer (sleep restriction (sleep loss effects (Situation…

- - - - Attentional deployment
        
         failure to use attentional strategies to effectively regulate one's emotional responses
        individuals tend to utilize distraction when emotional information is highly intense  inadequate sleep is likely to mitigate such attempts via an interaction of different neural structures and processes
        
        increased vigilance to negative stimuli
      - Cognitive change
        
        lowered cognitive reappraisal ability
        
        significantly reduces the tendency to think positively
        
        BUT: cognitive reappraisal ability may be somewhat resistant to sleep loss effects
      - Situation modification
        
        diminished ability to self-monitor, appropriately interact with others, pick up on others' nonverbal cues + accurately identify others' emotions
        
        impaired decision making, poor impulse control
        
        more social loafing and less productivity
        
        maladaptive behaviors in the midst of a conflict
      - Response modulation
        
        whereas global emotional expressiveness might be altered by sleep loss, ability to intentionally modulate expressions may be more resistant to the effects of sleep loss
      - situation selection -decrease the likelihood of situating oneself in positive emotional contexts
      - CONCLUSIONS
        
        produces more negative + less positive emotions, with some evidence for greater decrements in positive emotions
        
        can negatively impact emotion at various stages of the regulatory process, including the identification, selection, and successful implementation of various strategies
        
        decrements in motivation and perceived reward as a function of inadequate sleep may lead to unsuccessful emotion regulation strategies
      - extended model of emotion regulation
        
        strategy selection
        
        dependent upon the availability of personal resources and/or the specifics of the emotional context
        
        implementation
        
        failure may occur due to abnormalities in neural networks involved in regulating affect, a general lack of skill in translating a chosen strategy into practice, and/or a mismatch between the functionality of the strategy selected and the situational context
        
        diminished cognitive flexibility during extended waking periods
        
        identification
        
        mindfulness = emotional awareness : good sleep facilitates mindfulness
- - - - regulates length and depth of sleep - related to accumulation of adenosine during wakefulness. Insuffiient sleep leads to "sleep debt"
  - - - excitatory neurotransmitters released in the brainstem, midbrain + basal forebrain structures
      - release of inhibitory neurotransmitters from the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) is suppressed
    - - aminergic neurotransmitters, cholinergic neurotransmitters + orexin are all inhibited through the VLPO-mediated release, which decreases arousal
      - thalamo-cortical rhythms can be detected by electroencephalography (EEG)
    - - release of aminergic neurotransmitters of the brainstem is inhibited
      - acetylcholine is released in the brainstem, midbrain + basal forebrain
      - Orexin is also released
      - GABA + galanin are released from the brainstem and VLPO to inhibit the aminergic brainstem neurons
    - - Eveningness vs Morningness
        
        Eveningness
        
        associated with emotional dysregulation + novelty seeking, harm avoidance + neurotic personality characteristics
        
        less extraversion and social desirability
        
        more susceptible to greater impulsivity and to stress
        
        more likely to be diagnosed with an anxiety disorder, addiction disorder or personality disorder
        
        Morningness
        
        could play a protective role
        
        associated with better emotional regulation, decreased emotional reactivity, decreased risk for aggressive behavior + delinquent behavior, decreased impulsivity + increased persistence
  - - - proposed conceptual model: adequate sleep plays a role in driving the executive functioning abilities necessary for successful emotional regulation
        
         emotional regulation: interactions between prefrontal cortex (control processes) and subcortical and posterior cortical regions (encode and represent specific kinds of information)
        
         Executive functioning: dorsolateral prefrontal, anterior cingulate + parietal cortices
        
        sleep deprivation: hyperactivity of amygdala, lower conectivity between PFC and amygdala
- - - - impaired ability to encode emotional pictures after total sleep deprivation
      - but not after selective REM sleep deprivation - proactive role of sleep per se in affecting emotional memory encoding
      - deteriorated ability to encode episodic information
    - - a) sleep effect
        
        beneficial effect of sleep on memory consolidation is thought to be driven by offline memory reactivation mechanisms
        
        positive influence of post-learning sleep on the retention of emotional memory contents
        
        not yet well established if sleep specifically affects memory for emotional information more than neutral information
      - b) the effects of sleep deprivation
        
        decreased ability to successfully recall positive, negative and neutral picture stimuli
    - - mood changes, increased irritability and affective volatility
      - positive reactions to pleasant events are often subdued
      - magnified negative experiences
    - - impairs the ability to share the emotional state of others
      - reductions in several social and emotive abilities, such as optimism and sociability
    - - promotes the strengthening of physiological and behavioral conditioned fear responses, paralleled by the activation of the basolateral amygdala
      - promotes the strengthening of physiological and behavioral conditioned fear responses, paralleled by the activation of the basolateral amygdala
      - facilitates fear extinction = subsequent new learning of fear inhibition
        
         specific role of REM sleep in the mechanisms of fear consolidation and extinction
    - - after a period of sleep, memory of extinction learning can generalize from a previously extinguished association to another similar but not extinguished association
        
        may support the appropriate recognition of salient stimuli and the discrimination of fear and safety relevant information, ultimately promoting the most appropriate response to the environment
      - SLEEP LOSS
        
        should enhance threat perception and promote threat generalization
        
        could have imposed a negative bias on the behavioral discrimination of emotional stimuli, leading to an increased tendency to evaluate affiliative stimuli as threatening
    - - “Sleep to remember, sleep to forget” model
        
        REM sleep could support a de-potentiation, rather than a strengthening, of the emotional charge of a memory
        
        during REM sleep the strong reactivation of brain areas implicated in memory function during wakefulness (amygdala + hippocampus) supports the overnight reprocessing of previously acquired emotional memories
        
        a) activation of the amygdalaehippocampal network would promote long-term retention of the salient features of an emotional experience (“Sleep to remember”)
        
        b) suppressed adrenergic activity would decouple and gradually dissipate the visceral, autonomic charge associated to emotional experiences (“Sleep to forget”)
        
         REM sleep could represent an “overnight therapy” to adaptively preserve the salient aspects of a memory, forgetting at the same time the associated emotional tone
         sleep deprivation should prevent this beneficial overnight emotional de-potentiation
      - REM sleep emotion recalibration model
        
        role for REM sleep in directly regulating the concentrations of noradrenaline  promoting next-day emotional homeostasis
        
        alterations in the noradrenergic system imposed by sleep loss could produce a hypervigilant brain state responsible for persistent sensitivity and impaired emotional discrimination
    - - significantly greater amygdala activation in response to negative emotional stimuli
      - significant loss of functional connectivity between the amygdala and mPFC
      - increased connectivity between the amygdala and autonomic-activating brainstem areas
      - -> hyper-limbic response to aversive stimuli + dysfunctional pattern of connectivity between the amygdala and mPFC (failure of top-down prefrontal control over emotional areas)
  - - - a) REM sleep could promote the retention of the emotional memory charge
      - b) Or de-potentiate the visceral tone associated with a memory