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Protecting Innovation (Effectiveness and Use of protective mechanisms…

- - - - Utility patents: protect new and useful processes, machines, manufactured items or combination of materials
      - Design patents: protect original and ornamental designs for manufactured items
      - Plant patents: protect distinct new varieties of plants
  - - - rights to trademark are established in legitimate use of mark,; do not require registration
      - However, marks must be registered before suit can be brought over use of the mark
      - Registration can also be used to establish international rights over trademark
  - - - Copyright law varies from country to country
      - However, the Berne Union for the protection of literary and artistic property ("Berne Convention") specifies a minimum level of protection for member countries
      - Berne convention also eliminates differential rights to citizens versus foreign nationals