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Eukaryotic Cell (true nucleus enclosed) (Membrane Bound Organelles…
Eukaryotic Cell (true nucleus enclosed)
Membrane Bound Organelles
Cell membrane
Hydrophilic outside
F: allows for electrostatic interaction between the aqueous environment inside or outside the cell
Hydrophobic inside
F: protects the inside of the cell by creating a selective barrier to outside
Phospholipid layer
The nucleus
Nuclear Membrane/envelope
F: separate the inside of nucleas from cytoplasm
F: Contains genetic material necessary for duplication
Nuclear Pores
F: allow for selective exchange of material between cytoplasm and nucleas
Nucleolus
F: this is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized
Mitochondria
Outer membrane
F: serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment
Inner membrane - Cristae
F: contains mlcls and enzymes for electron transport chain - high surface area for bettern electron transport chain
Intermembrane Space
F: the space between inner and outer membrance
Matrix
F: the space in the inner membrane
F: power plant of the cell; semi-autonomous; have their own gene and can replicate independently (cytoplasmic or extranuclear inheritence)
F: can kill the cell by release of enzyme from the electron transport chain - called apoptosis (programmed cell death)
Lysosomes
F: contains hydrolytic enzymes that break down different subtrates (including ones
Function alongside endosomes
F: transport, package annd sort cell material travelling to and from membrane
can transport material to the trans-golgi, to the cell membrane or to the lysosomal pathway for degradation
Lysosomal membrane
F: sequester (hide) enzymes to prevent damage to the cell
F: if they release their hydrolytic enzymes (autolysis) - we can get apoptasis (cell death)
Endoplasmic Reticulum
D: Series of interconnected membranes connected with the nuclear envelope
Double membrane, highly folded shape, complex shape with a central lumen
Rough ER (RER)
Studded with ribosomes
F: translate proteins destined for secretion directly into the lumen
Smooth ER (SER)
F: Synthesizes lipid (ex. phospholipids in cell membrane)
F: Detoxifies certain drugs and poisons
F: transport protenins from the RER to the golgi apparatus
Golgi Apparatus
D: Stacked membrane-bound sacs
F: Modify products transferred from ER
F1: can modify by addition of various groups like carbohydrates, phosphates and sulfates
F2: modify by using signal sequesnces that direct the delivery of the product to specific cellular location
After being modified -->
Repackeged in vesciles
They might be secreted out of the cell by exocytosis
Peroxisomes
D: contain hydrogen peroxide
F: break down ver long chain fatty acid via Beta oxidation
F: aid in synthesis of phsopholipds
F: contain enzymes involved in the pentose phosphate pathway
Cytoskeleton
Microfilaments
D: made up of solid polymerized rods of actin
actin resistent to compressiong and fracture
F: provide protection to cell
F: action can also use ATP to generate force for movement by interacting with myosin - ex. muscle contraction
F: play a role in cytokinesis or the division of material between daughter cells
During mitosis - as tthe cleavage farrow is formed from microfilaments - this is organized as a ring at the site of division of the two daughter cells. The actin filaments compress and divide the two cells
Microtubules
D: hollow polymers of tubulin protein
primary pathway for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein to carry vesicles
Motile structures
Cilia
F: moves material along the surace of a cell - ex: cilia line the respiratory tract and aid in movement of mucus
Flagella
F: move the cell itself - ex. movement of sperm cell in the reproductive tract
Structure
Nine pairs of microtubles with two microtubles in the center - 9+2 structure - seen only in eukaryotic organelles
Centrioles
Found in the region of a cell called centrosome
F: organizing center of microtubles - structured as nince triplets of microtubles
Related to mitosis - centrioles migrate to oppose polles of dividing cell and organize the mitotic spindle - microtubles attached to chromosomes via kinetochores and can pull apart sister chromatids
Intermediate filaments
D: diverse group of filamentous proteins including keratin, desmin, vimentin, lamins
F: involved in cell-cell adhesion
F: maintain the overall integrity of cytoplasm
F: can withstand alot of tension and make cell structure ridgi
F: help anchor other organelles (ex. nucleus)
F: provide structure to cell and help maintain shape
F: provide a method of transportation of material around the cell
Tissue Formation
Note: in a tissue different cell have different functions
Epithelial tissue
F: cover body and line cavities to provide protection against pathogen invasion and desccation
F: in certain organs they are involved in absorption, secretion and sensation
Structure - tightly joined to each other and to an underlying later of connective tissue known as the basement membrane
They are diverse in function depending on the organ - most organs consittute the main function (parenchyma) - ex. nephrons in kidney, hepatocytes in the liver, acid producing cells in the stomach
Polarized cell - one side faces luman (inside of an organ or tube), the other side interacts with blood vessesl and structural cells - ex. in the small intestine one side is absorbing nutrients and the other side is releasing for cirulation
Shape
Cuboidal
Columnar
Squamous
Layers
Simple epithelia - single layer
Stratified epithelia - multi layered
Pseudo stratified - single layered but looks like multilayerd
Connective tissue
Provide a framework for epithelial cell to carry out their function
Mian contirbuter to the stroma or support structure
Many cells produce collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Form will follow function of a cell - not all cells have the same distribution of organelles.
Cell like sperms cells that need energy for locomotion will have high concn't of mitochondria
Cells involved in secretion such as pancreatic islet cells or endocrine tissues will have high conc'n of RER and golgi app.
Cells like red blood cells do no have any organelles becauuse they are mainly used for transportation purposes