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PLANT REPRODUCTION (4. Seed Dispersal (Animal Dispersal (Characteristics…
PLANT REPRODUCTION
Parts of a Flower
Male Parts (Stamen)
- Anther
• Produces pollen grains
- Filament
• Holds the anther up
Female Parts (Pistil)
- Stigma
• Receives pollen grains
- Style
• Connects the stigma to the ovary
- Ovary
• Protects the ovule
• Become the fruit after fertilisation takes place
- Ovule
• Become the seed after fertilisation takes place
- Petal
• Attracts pollinators such as insects and birds to the flower
- Flower Stalk
• Holds the flower up so that it can be easily detected by pollinators
4. Seed Dispersal
Seeds are dispersed or scattered away from the parent plants, to prevent overcrowding, which can lead to competition with the parent plant for Nutrients, Sunlight, Space and Water
Animal Dispersal
Characteristics of fruits
• Contains seeds that are hard or not digestible
• Juicy, fragrant, sweet or brightly-coloured fruit
OR
• Have hooks or stiff hairs (To hook onto passing animals)
Eg. Mango, Papaya, Love Grass, Mimosa
Water Dispersal
Characteristics of fruits
• Has the ability to float
• Have waterproof outer covering or fibrous husk to stay afloat in water
•Light and buoyant
•Porous fruit
Eg. Coconut, Lotus, Pong Pong, Mangrove
Wind Dispersal
Characteristics of fruits
• Dry, light-weight and small
• Has feathery bristles/ wing-like or parachute-like structures that allow them to be easily carried away by the wind
Eg. Angsana, Lalang, Shorea, Tridax
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3. Fertilisation
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- During pollination, pollen grains are transferred to the stigma
- Each pollen grain produces a pollen tube. The male reproductive cells are found inside the tip of the pollen tube
- The pollen tube enters the ovule that contains an egg cell. Fertilisation occurs when the male and female reproductive cells fuse
- After fertilisation, most of the flower parts wither and drop off, except the ovary and ovule. The ovules in the ovary start to develop into seeds, and the ovary enlarges and gradually becomes the fruit
2. Pollination
The transfer of pollen grains from the anther of a flower to the stigma of the same or different flower of the same kind.
Agents of Pollination:
- Insects
- Birds (Nectar-Drinking)
- Wind
Insect Pollination
Process
- When an insect visits a flower to feed on the nectar, pollen grains from the anther stick to the insect's hairy body.
- The pollen grains are brushed off onto the stigma of the same flower or another flower that the insect visits, pollinating the flower.
Characteristics of flower:
• Flowers are usually large, brightly-coloured and scented to attract insect insects
• Anthers do not hang out of the flowers
• Stigma is sticky in order to catch pollen grains
Eg. Balsam, Buttercup, Rose, Wild Orchid
Wind Pollination
Process
- The filament sways in the slightest wind and pollen grains are shaken free.
- The pollen grains are carried by the wind and land on the stigma of another flower.
Characteristics of flower:
• Flowers are usually small and dull-coloured with no scent
• Anthers hang out of the flowers so that pollen grains are easily shaken free and carried by the wind
• Stigma is large and feathery In order to catch pollen grains floating in the air
Eg. Grass, Maize, Oak, Pine
1. Germination
- When a seed germinates, the root appears first. This allows more water to be absorbed and provide some support to the young plant
- The young plant uses the food stored in the seed leaves for energy
- The shoot appears after the root
- When the first leaves of the shoot open, the seed leaves shrivel and drop, and the young plant is able to carry out photosynthesis to make its own food
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