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P3 - Particle Model of Matter (The Particle Model and Motion in Gases…
P3 - Particle Model of Matter
The Particle Model and Motion in Gases
All Matter is Made up of Particles
Solids - Strong forces of attraction hold particles in a fixed regular arrangement
Liquids - Weaker forces of attraction
Gases - No forces of attraction
Colliding Gas Particles Create Pressure
Particles in gases are free to move
When they collide, they exert a force
Pressure is force exerted per unit area
In a sealed container, Gas pressure is the total force exerted by all of the particles
Increasing the Temperature of a Gas Can Increase Its Pressure
If you increase temp, you transfer energy to kinetic energy stores
The temperature is related to the average energy in the stores
As you increase temp, speed of particles increase
Increasing its temperature increases pressure
They hit the sides more often
Each particle has a larger momentum
Density of Materials
The Particle Model can also Explain Density
d = m / v :warning:
Density depends on what it's made of and how the particles are arranged
Dense material has particles packed tightly together
Density varies between states of matter
You Need to be Able to Measure Density in Different Ways : :star:
Solid
Use balance to measure mass
Measure length, width and height and calculate volume
Irregular solid, submerge the solid and the water displaced is equivalent to volume
Plug mass and volume into equation to find density
Liquid
Measuring cylinder on balance, zero it
10ml into cylinder and measure the mass
Another 10ml and record until cylinder is full
Each measurement, use the equation to find density
Take an average
Internal Energy and Changes of State
Internal Energy is the Energy Stored by the Particles That Make Up a System
The particles in the system vibrate and move around
They have energy in their potential stores
The energy stored in a system is stored in its particles
Heating the system transfers energy to particles
This leads to a change in temperature or state
A change in state occurs if it's heated enough
A Change of State Conserves Mass
If you heat a liquid, it boils and becomes a gas
The state can change due to cooling
A change of state is a physical change
If you reverse a change of state, it returns to its original form
The number of particles doesn't change
Specific Latent Heat
A Change of State Requires Energy
The energy is required to break or form intermolecular forces before being used to change temperature
Temperature doesn't change when a change of state is taking place
The energy needed to change state is the specific latent heat
Specific Latent Heat is the Energy Needed to Change the State of a 1 kg Mass
It doesn't involve changing temperature, just state
For cooling, it's the heat released
It's different for different materials
Solid to liquid is specific latent heat of fusion
Liquid to gas is specific latent heat of vaporisation
Formula
E = m x L :warning: