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Chemical changes (Metal reactions (Acid + Metal -> Salt + Hydrogen…

- - - - The metal loses electrons to gain a positive charge (oxidation)
      - The non-metal gains the electron to gain a negative charge (reduction)
    - - Cannot conduct while solid - when aqueous/molten, the ions are free to move while carrying a charge and can thus conduct a charge
      - Forms an ionic lattice
      - Strong electrostatic attractions between the ions (opposite charges) gives them high melting/boiling points
  - - - Cannot conduct, no free electrons
      - Strong covalent bonds but weak intermolecular bonds, so has low melting and boiling points
  - - - The metals form a lattice of positive metal ions, surrounded by a "sea of electrons"
      - Alloys are harder as the layers cannot slide over each other as easily due to the distortion
    - - Forms layers, which can slide over oneanother, making them malleable
      - Very strong electrostatic forces, so high melting and boiling points
      - Can conduct due to the de-localised electrons
- - - - Layers of covalently bonded carbon atoms
      - Properties
        
        Layers are weakly bonded covalently to oneanother, allowing them to slide over each other (lubricant)
        
        Delocalised electrons allow it to conduct electricity and heat
      - The carbon atoms are bonded to three others, whilst the fourth is free
    - - One layer of graphite
      - Properties
        
        Extremely strong
        
        Useful in electronics due to it's delocalised electrons, and thinness
    - - Buckminsterfullerine
        
        C60
        
        The carbon atoms form rings (with varied amounts of other atoms, around 5-6), and together form a large ball
        
        Useful for..
        
        Pharmaceutical delivery due to its ability to hold substances (e.g. drugs)
        
        Lubricants, as it is very strong, and can roll
        
        Catalysts due to the high surface area
        
        Buckyonion
        
        Layers of buckminsterfullerines, further reinforces the structure
      - Carbon nanotubes
        
        Long cylinders
        
        Properties
        
        High tensile strength (force applied to stretch)
        
        Excellent conductors of heat and electricity
        
        Uses
        
        Used to re-inforce high-end tennis raqcuets and other materials
    - - Each carbon atoms is bonded to 4 others
      - Properties
        
        Very high melting and boiling points due to the strong covalent forces
        
        Very hard due to the structure
        
        Cannot conduct as it has no free electrons
      - Uses
        
        Used as drill tips due to the hardness, and high melting points
        
        Colourless, shiny and occurs rarely in nature