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Final Exam Unit 5 (((((((((Meiosis, A type of cellular reproduction in…

- - - - Meiosis
        
        A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes in a diploid cell.
        
        Mitosis
        
        A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in haploid cell
        
        Function of Meiosis
        
        Sexual Reproduction
        
        Function of Mitosis
        
        Cellular Reproduction & general growth and repair of the body.
        
        Type of Reproduction (Meiosis)
        
        Sexual
        
        Type of Reproduction (Mitosis)
        
        Asexual
        
        Meiosis Occurs in
        
        Humans, animals, plants, fungi
        
        Mitosis Occurs in
        
        all organisms
        
        Meiosis is Genetically
        
        Different
        
        Mitosis is Genetically
        
        Identical
        
        Crossing Over (Meiosis)
        
        Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.
        
        Crossing Over (Mitosis)
        
        No, crossing over can not occur.
        
        Number of Divisions (Meiosis)
        
        2 divisions
        
        Number of Divisions (Mitosis)
        
        1 division
        
        Number of Cells produced in Meiosis
        
        4 cells
        
        Number of Cells produced in Mitosis
        
        2 cells
        
        Chromosome Number (Meiosis)
        
        The number of chromosomes are reduced by half
        
        Chromosome Number (Mitosis)
        
        The number of chromosomes remains the same
        
        Steps of Mitosis
        
        Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase and Cytokinesis
        
        Meiosis Creates
        
        Sex cells only: Female egg cells or Male sperm cells
        
        Mitosis Creates
        
        Makes everything other than sex cells
        
        Vacuoles
        
        Store waste products, nutrients, and water. In plant cells it also store nutrients, and regulates turgor pressure in the cell.
        
        Nucleus
        
        DNA is found in the nucleus, RNA is also made here; surrounded by a membrane; controls all cell activites
        
        Nucleolus
        
        This produces ribosomes; found in the nucleus
        
        Cytoplasm
        
        Part of the cell that is outside the nucleus; contains organelles and provides the perfect environment for chemical reactions to take place
        
        Centriole
        
        Play a role in mitosis (cell division), in animal cells only - Ring of nine groups of fused microtubules. Three microtubules in each group. These are part of the cytoskeleton. Inherited from your father.
        
        Golgi Apparatus/Golgi Bodies
        
        Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
        
        Lysosome
        
        Contains digestive enzymes necessary for breaking down materials within a cell
        
        Chloroplast
        
        Use carbon dioxide, water and sunlight to carry out photosynthesis. Found in plant cells and some protists. They reflect green light while absorbing all other colors. *contain DNA
        
        Cell Membrane
        
        Double layer of phospholipids (lipid bilayer) that surrounds the cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell.
        
        Mitochondria
        
        Provides energy to cell. Have a double membrane. The outside is smooth but the inner is highly folded to increase its surface area. Cellular respiration is performed here, making energy (ATP) for the cell. Has its own DNA and ribosomes.
        
        Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        no ribosomes on this organelle.
        
        Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
        
        Proteins are made on the endoplasmic reticulum's ribosomes. Transports and modifies organelles, highway for cell.
        
        Ribosome
        
        Assembles proteins; (attached to the ER) make proteins that will be transported out of the cell.
        
        Cytoskeleton
        
        Helps maintain cell shape. It makes the cell move internally and externally.
        
        Made of microfilaments and microtubules. (protein strands)
        
        Cell Wall
        
        Thick outer layer in plant cells. Also found in fungi, algae, and some bacteria.
        
        Chromatin/Chromosomes
        
        plant and animal cell: strands that contain the genetic material that tells the cell how to function.
        
        Vesicles
        
        A small structure made of a lipid bilayer used to transport materials through the cell.
        
        Cilia
        
        Slender cell extension that project outward from the cell - can be used for movement of the cell or to push materials past the cell.
        
        Flagella
        
        Whip-like appendage that extends from the body; used for movement or for sensing the environment
        
        Peroxisomes
        
        Contain an enzyme that allows the breakdown of H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) which is made by cell reactions and is toxic to the cell
        
        Microtubule
        
        part of the cytoskeleton - made of tubulin-used to move substances around the cell - framework of cell
        
        Which molecules are reactants in photosynthesis?
        
        CO₂ + H₂O =?
        
        What are the products of photosynthesis?
        
        ? = O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆
        
        Which molecules are reactants in Cellular Respiration?
        
        O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ = ?
        
        What are the products of Cellular Respiration?
        
        CO₂ + H₂O =?
        
        Glucose
        
        C₆H₁₂O₆
        
        Carbon dioxide
        
        CO₂
        
        Water
        
        H₂O
        
        Oxygen
        
        O₂
        
        I discovered that plants are made of cells.
        
        Schleiden
        
        I saw cells in cork and came up with the word "cells to describe them.
        
        Hooke
        
        I discovered that animals are made of cells
        
        Schwann
        
        I discovered that there are microscopic organisms in pond water.
        
        Leeuwenhoek
        
        I developed the cell theory and came to the conclusion that all cells come from other cells
        
        Virchow
        
        medium power objective
        
        10x lens without the eyepiece.
        
        low objective
        
        Magnifies images 4x without the eyepiece.
        
        high objective
        
        Longest length objective. Magnifies images 40x without the eyepiece.
        
        coarse adjustment knob
        
        Used for focusing/scanning on low and medium power.
        
        fine adjustment knob
        
        Very small movement when focusing.
        
        eye piece
        
        Look through this to see the object on the stage. Magnifies objects 10x.
        
        base
        
        Supports the microscope.
        
        diaphragm
        
        Controls the amount of light passing through the stage.
        
        stage clips
        
        Holds the slide on the stage. Allows for small movements of the slide on the stage.
        
        stage
        
        Where the slide is placed for viewing.
        
        arm
        
        Connects the objectives and the eye piece to the base.
        
        light source
        
        Provides light for viewing the object.
        
        total magnification of low objective x eyepiece
        
        40x
        
        total magnification of medium objective x eyepiece
        
        100x
        
        total magnification of high objective x eyepiece
        
        400x
        
        Body tube
        
        connects the eyepiece to the turret
        
        P = V x I
        
        power = voltage x current
        
        V = I x R
        
        voltage = current x resistance
        
        Q = I x T
        
        charge = current x time
        
        E = V x Q
        
        energy = voltage x charge
        
        E = V x I x T
        
        energy = voltage x current x time
        
        Climate change can cause more and __ in certain areas.
        
        rain and flooding
        
        Toxic pollution -
        
        the presence of pesticides, oil, industrial waste, household chemicals, mining waste, lead, and radioactive nuclear waste in water.
        
        Nutrient pollution -
        
        the presence of excess nitrogen and phosphorus in the water.
        
        Abiotic factor -
        
        a non-living component of the environment. Ie temperature and oxygen concentration.
        
        Biotic factor -
        
        a living component of the environment. Ie fish, insects, algae,
        
        plants, and bacteria.
        
        Concentration -
        
        the amount of a substance in a given volume.
        
        Mean -
        
        the average of a group of numbers.
        
        Oxygen -
        
        a colorless, odorless gas in the air used by animals to get energy from food.
        
        Parts per million -
        
        a measure of concentration.
        
        Bacterial pollution -
        
        the presence of harmful bacteria in water supplies.
        
        Sediment pollution -
        
        the presence of excessive silt and clay in water.
        
        Water pollution -
        
        the introduction of harmful substances into water.
        
        What harmful effect does Bacterial Pollution have?
        
        It can cause sickness or infection.
        
        What harmful effect does Nutrient Pollution have?
        
        It can result in blooms of algae that die and deplete oxygen as
        
        they decay. The lack of oxygen kills fish and other animals.
        
        What harmful effect does Sediment Pollution have?
        
        It can harm marine plants and animals by blocking sunlight and covering sensitive organisms and can be especially devastating to coral reefs.
        
        Current -
        
        the flow of electrical charge.
        
        Current is measured in
        
        amps (A)
        
        Energy consumption -
        
        the amount of energy that is used
        
        Fluorescent lamp -
        
        a light source that consists of a glass tube coated with phosphor and filled with argon and another inert gas
        
        Halogen lamp -
        
        a type of lamp in which the tungsten filament is encased
        
        in a capsule containing a mixture of gases that allow it to operate at a high temperature.
        
        Incandescent lamp -
        
        A type of light in which an electrical current passes through a thin tungsten filament, causing it to glow
        
        and give off light.
        
        Lumen -
        
        a measure of the light produced by a lamp.
        
        Usage -
        
        the amount of time an electrical device is used.
        
        Voltage -
        
        a measure of electrical potential energy
        
        Wattage -
        
        the electrical power consumed by a device
        
        Voltage is measured in
        
        volts (V).
        
        Units of wattage include
        
        the watt (W) and kilowatt (kW)
        
        Atmosphere
        
        the gases that surround a planet
        
        Biomass
        
        the total mass of a group of living things.
        
        Biosphere
        
        living things on a planet.
        
        Carbon reservoir
        
        a part of Earth that stores carbon.
        
        Carbon sink
        
        a carbon reservoir that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere and stores it for a long period of time.
        
        Fossil fuel
        
        a fuel formed over thousands or millions of years from the remains of living organisms.
        
        Geosphere
        
        the rocky, non-living parts of a planet.
        
        Greenhouse gas
        
        a gas in Earth's atmosphere that absorbs and then re-radiates heat.
        
        Hydrosphere
        
        the water on a planet.
        
        Lithosphere
        
        the rigid upper layer of the Earth.
- - - - {-Stomach
        
        Liver
        
        intenstines
        
        Kidney
        
        1 more item...
      - Liver
      - Name the organ
      - Intestines
      - Name the organ
      - Kidney
      - Name the organ
      - Ureter
      - Name the organ
      - Bladder
      - Name the organ
      - Urethra
      - Name the organ
      - Right atrium
      - Name the chamber
      - Left atrium
      - Name the chamber
      - Right ventricle
      - Name the chamber
      - Left ventricle
      - Name the chamber
      - Trachea
      - Name the organ
      - Lung
      - Name the organ
      - Diaphragm
      - Name the organ
      - Alveoli
      - Name the organ
      - Brain
      - Name the organ
      - Spinal cord
      - Name the organ
      - Nerves
      - Name this