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Operant Conditioning (Voluntary- through the process of rewards and…
Operant Conditioning
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- We repeat actions that produce favourable results
- We avoid actions that produce unpleasant results
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- Reinforcer= a stimulus that increases the frequency of the behaviour that follows (comes after the response)
- Reinforcement= the presentation of the reinforcer
- The addition of something unpleasant
- The removal of something pleasant
The procedure to train an animal to do something by reinforcing behaviours that become more and more similar to the target behaviour
Positive Reinforcement:
- The strengthening of a behaviour, due to the addition of a pleasant stimuli
Negative Reinforcement:
- The strengthening of a behaviour, due to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus
Effectiveness:
The rate at which the responses are reinforced
- Continuous reinforcement- reinforcer presented every-time the response occurs
- Partial reinforcement- reinforcer is presented some of the time
Fixed Ratio:
- The reinforcer is given after a defined number or responses
- Commission
Variable Ratio:
- The reinforcer is given after a variable number of responses
- Poker machine
Fixed Interval:
- The reinforcer is presented after a defined time period
- Pay day
Variable Interval:
- The reinforcer is given after a variable time period has passed
- Catching a fish
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For Best Results:
- Apply punishment swiftly so a connection is made
- The aversive (punishment) stimulus needs to be applied consistently
- Don't make the aversive stimulus too sever
- Explain punishment and suggest different behaviour
Physical Punishment:
- Increases agressive behaviour in children
- Withdrawal of privileges is better as the children consider their behaviour