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Bonding (covalent bonding (when atoms share pairs of electrons they form…
Bonding
covalent bonding
when atoms share pairs of electrons they form covalent bonds and the bonds between these atoms are strong
covalently bonded substances may consist of small molecules or they may consist of very large molecules such as polymers
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the substances have weak intermolecular forces between the molecules and these are what is overcome when the substance melts or boils
because the intermolecular forces increase with the size of the molecule, larger molecules have higher melting and boiling points
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metallic bonding
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metallic bonding is the strong attraction between closely packed positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons.
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ionic bonding
when a metal atom reacts with a non-metal atom, metal atoms lose electrons in the outer shell to become positively charged, non-metals gain electrons in the outer shell to become negatively charged ions
the ions produced by metals in group 1 and 2 and by non-metals in group 6 and 7 have the electronic structure of a noble gas
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an ionic compound is a giant lattice of ions which are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
types of bonding
there are three types of bonding - ionic, covalent and metallic
ionic bonding - particles are oppositely charged ions, occurs between compounds formed from metals combined with non-metals
covalent bonding - particles are atoms which share pairs of electrons, occurs in non-metallic elements and compounds of non-metals
metallic bonding - particles are atoms which share delocalised electrons, occurs in metallic elements and alloys