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Growth of Opposition before the 1905 Revolution and the Revolution itself…
Growth of Opposition before the 1905 Revolution and the Revolution itself and after
Liberals
Before 1905
Growth of liberals as a result of changes in education and industrialisation (increasing size of middle class.
Zemstva helping in the Great Famine improved their reputation
1895: Called for Nicholas II to set up an advisory body, Nicholas II called it a "senseless dream"
1903: Union of Liberation set up
Collection of liberals, zemstva representatives. Set up by Struve. Wanted peace, not violent protests
Didn't have very much political influence before 1905. Not really harmed by the police because they were focused on more radical groups
After 1905
Appeased by the creation of the Duma
Socialist Revolutionary Party
Before 1905
Set up in 1901, leader was Viktor Chernov
After 1905
Okhrana was very successful in infiltrating the SRs:
4579 SRs were sentenced to death between 1905 and 1909
Yezno Azef, infiltrated SRs, led to arrests
Membership of SRs (and SDs) fell after 1905 Revolution
Leaders of the SR and SD parties were exiled, weakened significatly
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
Before 1905
Set up in 1898
Second Party Congress in 1903, split of Mensheviks and Bolsheviks
After 1905
Membership of the Social Democratic party fell:
In Ukraine, fell from 20,000 in 1906 to 200 in 1912
In Moscow fell from 7500 to 40 members between 1906 and 1912
Leaders of the SR and SD parties were exiled, weakened significatly
Bolsheviks
Seemed to have success between 1912-1914
Took over legal labour organisations in St Petersburg and Moscow from the Mensheviks
Gained 6 deputies in the fourth Duma (though this was helped by the SRs boycotting the elections)
Bolshevik newspaper (Pravda, set up in 1912) had a higher circulation than Menshevik newspaper (Luch)
St Petersburg Soviet was set up on the 13th October 1905
Encouraged by the Mensheviks
A council of workers' deputies which would coordinate workers' activities, direct strikes, organise food supplies, spread news of revolutionary activity
Meant that the urban workers had become an organised force to confront autocracy
Trade Unions
Legalised after 1905 revolution but the tsarist regime was still wary of them (thought they'd allow revolutionaries to spread)
1906-1910: 497 trade unions closed and 604 denied registration
Reforms were passed, such as the 1912 Insurance Law (greater benefits for workers, improvements in working conditions)
Nationalities
After 1905
Only the Poles and Finns wanted outright independence
Russification worked in Ukraine and Belorussia so ethnic consciousness was delayed
No single opposition, effectiveness spread out
Before 1905
During 1905 Revolution
Poles and Finns demand outright independence
Tsarist officials were attacked in the Caucasus
10,000 troops were dispatche to Georgia to keep control
Poland
300,000 troops were required to keep control (lots of disturbances).
93 Poles shot who took part in demonstrations sparked by Bloody Sunday
Slogans like: "Down with Tsarism" and "Long live an Independent Socialist Poland"
After 1905
Period of resurgence of strikes from 1907
a result of rising unemployment, the Lena Goldfields Massacre (1912).
Showed the tsarist regime hadn't fully removed opposition after 1905 (even if this opposition was small)
However
this was mostly in St Petersburg (3/4 of strikes occurred jere then),
Only a quarter of the manufacturing labour force joined in the General Strike in St Petersburg in July 1914
Not very much opposition
Support for opppositon seemed weakened, workers were politically apathetic. WWI made it even worse by creating patriotism, pro-tsarism
Firm repressive rule returned
Between October 1905 and April 1906, there were 15,000 executions and 45,000 deportations
Durnovo, New Minister of Interior, appointed, on the 3rd of December, leaders of the St Petersburg Soviet and hundreds of its deputies were arrested (led to an armed uprising by the Social Democrats which was crushed and led to more arrests, and executions)
Stolypin's Necktie
Why did the Autocracy Survive the 1905 Revolution?
Army remained loyal (only some mutinies)
Reforms on December 6th increased pay, reduced service from 4 to 3 years for infantrymen, increased ration
Quick truce with Japan with a reasonable peace treaty helped to keep the army on Nicholas II's side
Repressive tactics helped to crush opposition
October Manifesto split liberals and socialists
Violence and criminality of 1905 scared the middle class so looked to the tsar for protection and rule (lesser of two evils)
Revolutionary parties weren't very prepared, were slow to react (arguing about ideologies, but this wasn't important to the workers
Witte organised a large loan in April 1906 which helped to stabilise the economy (could pay troops for example)
Workers became more politicised; before 1905 they had largely been demanding improvements to working conditons and wages, now they wanted new governance
1905 Revolution
Putilov Steelworks strikes on 7th January 1905 (OS), over 100,000 workers took part, mainly demanding better wages and working hours
Father Gapon led a peaceful march , over 150,000 people. Shot upon by Cossacks, 130 killed, 300 wounded
In the month after Bloody Sunday, 400,000 people went on strike
4th February 1905, Grand Duke Sergei (Nicholas II's uncle) was assassinated (meant that Nicholas II then met with the workers' representatives
September 1905, general strike made up of 2 million workers in St Petersburg, Moscow and other cities
The peasants
During the 1905 Revolution
June/July 1905, began to seize land and grain, burned nobles' houses, refused to pay taxes and rents
Demanded land, end to redemption payments and reduction of rents
Peasant societies and unions began to appear
All-Russian peasant Union met in July
'peasant republics' were set up illegally by peasants where they self-governed
Army was used to put down peasant uprisings but because the army was largely made up of peasantry, there were numerous mutinies
After 1905 revolution
Some peasants were satisfied when the government promised to cut redemption payments in half in January 1906 and then remove them by January 1907. A new Peasants' Bank would be set up
Still disturbances, went on throughout most of 1906
Stolypin's Necktie- execution of hundreds of peasants, was effective