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World Geography (The Economy (Gross Domestic Product (GDP per Capita…

- - - - Industrialization- he development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.
      - Urbanization- the process of migration to cities from rural areas on a very large scale
    - - the process by which businesses or other organizations develop international influence or start operating on an international scale.
  - - - Activities that involve turning raw materials into finished products of greater value
    - - Activities that involve distributing materials or goods
      - Activities that involve performing a service
    - - Economic activities involving the harvesting of raw materials
  - - - measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in that country
    - - C = consumer spending
        I = business spending
        G = government spending and production
        NX = exports minus imports
- - - - Refugee
        
        a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster.
      - Asylum
        
        the protection granted by a nation to someone who has left their native country as a political refugee.
  - - - Physical Political Boundaries: Separate territory according to natural features in the landscape.
      - Ocean Boundaries: they are pretty self explanatory
        
        The United Nations has led the world's efforts in creating boundaries of shared waters. The UN Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) sets the rules about oceanic boundaries.
        
        Contiguous Zone: a band of water extending from the edge of territorial waters up to 24 miles from the coast
        
        Within this zone, states can exert limited control for the purpose of preventing or punishing "infringements of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws and regulations within its territory"
        
        Exclusive Economic Zone: up to 200 miles of territory beyond a coastal state's shoreline over which that state has control of all economic resources, including fishing, mining, oil exploration, and any pollution of those resources.
        
        Territorial Waters:coastal states can exercise complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from their shorelines
        
        Median- Line Principle: If there is not enough water for each country on opposite sides of the sea to have 200 miles of exclusive economic zone the 2 or more countries involved will divide up the water evenly.
      - Geometric Political Boundaries: Straight- line boundaries that do not relate to the cultural or physical features of the territories involved.
    - - Shortest possible boundaries to defend, improved communications
    - - To get to the other state, you have to go through the other
    - - Several discontinuous pieces of territory
        Technically all states with off shore islands are fragmented
        They can be either seperated by water or seperated by another state
        Efficient communication and trade can be difficult in fragmented states
  - - - Below the country level: how the state is divided and how those sub divisions are governed
      - Above the country level: how the entire world governs itself with separate countries; ex. UN
      - At the country level: how a government is organized
- - - - Allows multiple layers of information to be displayed on one map
- - - - How human activities affect their enviornment
        
        Ex: deforestation, taking water from rivers, building cities, etc.
        
        People completely change the environment they live around. We cut down entire forests to build cities, run rivers dry, pollute the atmosphere, as well as interactions like sports where we use the environment we are around to do them.
        
        Ex: skiing, biking, river rafting, tennis, soccer ...
      - How environmental changes impact human life
        
        The geographical features of a place/ country plays and essential role in how/ when/ how quickly it develops
        
        Ex: rivers, floods, hurricanes, tornadoes, change in temperatures and humidity and how it impacts the people that live there
    - - Movement of People
        
        People move between different places because of a variety of reasons including: availability of resources, availability of work, war, unstable government and many more reasons. These are called push and pull factors. Movement of people results in migration and refugees. (see geopolitics for more details)
      - Movement of Goods
        
        Goods move between different places by way of people, usually in exchange for another good or service. This is extremely prominent in trading and is important in globalization and urbanization. It can completely transform a civilization.
      - Movement of Disease
        
        Plagues and other prominent diseases move between places by way of people, rodents and other animals, food etc. This can prove catastrophic to a civilization, especially when that civilization does not have the immunization to a new disease.
      - Movement of Ideas and Information
        
        Movement of information and ideas is how the world continues to develop and globalize. This is seen in trading, the spread and mix of cultures, the spread of languages, war and peace treaties, and many more interactions.
    - - combination of physical and cultural attributes that give each location on the earth its own characteristics
      - Human components
        
        religion, language, politics, artwork...
      - Natural components
        
        climate, terrain, natural resources
    - - A region has shared characteristics and features, it is grouped together in many maps, but may not have defined boundaries.
      - Geographers create regions to help them classify and understand the complicated features on the Earth
      - 3 Types of Regions
        
        Perceptual
        
        Defined by specific ideas or perceptions that congregate in a place
        
        Functional
        
        Based around one specific place and include all of the area affected by it.
        
        Formal
        
        Formally defined by governments or other structures such as cities or natural formations
      - Ex: The Rocky Mountain Region, The Plains...
    - - Absolute Location
        
        Latitude/ Longitude
        
        A grid system that spans the entire world. It is measured in degrees, minutes, and seconds. It shows your N, S, W, E location relative to the equator and the prime meridian.
        
        The equator is parallel to latitude lines
        
        The prime meridian runs parallel to longitude lines
        
        Address
        
        Your street address, including state, zip code and country code is specific enough to not be confused with any other place in the entire world. This makes it absolute location.
        
        Exactly where a thing/ place is. A location with only one possible reference point.
      - Relative Location
        
        Relative location is the location of a thing/ place in relation to what is around it.
        
        Ex. I am near view High School
  - - - studies natural features and processes
    - - How human activity is influenced by Earth's surface
  - - - Proximity to Water
        
        Water moderates the tempurature, and in turn, the climate
        
        Cooler summers and warmer winters
      - Elevation
        
        Higher Elevation = cooler climate
        
        For every 1,000 ft elevation, the temperature of the atmosphere drops 3 degrees Fahrenheit
      - Orthographic Effect
        
        When a mountain sits on the shore of a large body of water and the wind carries moisture up one side of the mountain, but the cloud gets stuck at the top of the mountain. This prevents any moisture from getting to the other side of the mountain, resulting in two drastically different climates.
        
        windward side- cool, moist leeward side- warm, dry
      - Ocean Currents
        
        warm currents = warmer climate cooler currents = cooler climate
      - Latitiude
        
        as latitude increases, the average annual temperature decreases.
- - - - Difference between the number of live births and deaths in a population, divided by the mid population of a given year.
    - - Total number of births per 1,000 in a population
      - Less developed countries have a higher birth rate because they also have a high infant mortality rate.
    - - The average number of years a person should expect to live
      - A higher life expectancy correlates with a more developed country
        A lower life expectancy correlates with a less developed country'
    - - The number of children per 1,000 women who would be born if all women lived to the end of their child bearing years.
    - - (IMR) number of deaths per 1,000 births of children under the age of 1
      - High infant mortality usually corresponds with a less developed country
        Low infant mortality usually corresponds with a more developed country
      - High infant mortality = High birthrate
    - - Death Rate
        
        number of deaths per 1,000 of a given population
        
        Ratio of deaths to the entire population
        
        High death rate usually corresponds with a less developed country
        Low death rate usually corresponds with a more developed country
  - - - Measure relating number of dependents to the total working population. Dependents are people aged 0-14 and 65+. The working population is people between 15- 64.
  - - - Stage 2
        
        High birth rates, little or no family planning, parents have many children because few survive, many children are needed to work the land, some religious beliefs and cultural traditions encourage large families.
        
        High growth stage: death rates fall due to improvements in sanitation, water, as well as inventions. Even so, birth rates remain high which makes population rise crazy fast.
        
        The population pyramid is very similar to that of stage 1 pyramids, except the base which is wider through a couple more age categories.
        
        The birth rate stays very high, but begins to drop at the end of stage 2.
        The death rate is falling very quickly until it begins to level out at the end of stage 2.
        The population is sky rocketing and still rising at the end of stage 2.
        
        Falling death rates because of improved medical care, improved sanitation and water supply, improvements in food production in terms of quality and quantity, improved transport to move food and doctors, and a decrease in child mortality.
      - Stage 3
        
        Falling birth rates because of family planning being used (contraceptives, abortions, sterilization), a lower infant mortality rate meaning less of a need to have a bigger family, increased mechanization and industrialization means less need for labor, urbanization = less children, increased desire for material possessions and less desire for large families, and more opportunities for women = less children.
        
        Low death rates because of improved medical care, improved sanitation and water supply, improvements in food production in terms of quality and quantity, improved transport to move food and doctors, and a decrease in child mortality.
        
        The birth rate is dropping rapidly, at the start of stage 3 it is very high, but at the end it is fairly low.
        The death rate is still dropping, but stays fairly stable.
        The population is still rising incredibly quickly and only begins to level off at the end of stage 3.
        
        The population pyramid at the beginning of stage 3 is very large through the bottom couple age categories, but slopes quickly to a point. The population pyramid at the end of stage 3 is more uniform, but still has an abrupt slope towards it's top.
      - Stage 4
        
        Low birth rates because fertility rates plunge to below replacement rate (2.1 births per woman), valuation of women beyond childbearing and motherhood becomes important, increasing value is placed on material goods over family size in modern industrialized society, and widespread choice of contraception by families.
        
        Low death rates because child mortality reduced and life expectancy increased due to capital investment in medical technology, and widespread knowledge of healthy diet and lifestyle.
        
        The population pyramid for stage 4 is a fairly uniform rectangle with few variations.
        
        The birth rate is very low, with some fluctuation, but still remains low.
        The death rate is still dropping, but stays fairly stable.
        The population is is still very high, though it does fluctuate mildly.
      - Stage 1
        
        Low growth stage: fluctuations in death rates and birth rates occur because of periodic disease, famine, drought, and war. This stage usually characterizes a substance farming country without an industrialized economy.
        
        The birth rate stays very high, but also very stable.
        The death rate is also very high, but it fluctuates, always returning to a high point.
        The total population remains very low, not growing, because the death rate is so high.
        
        The population pyramid for stage 1 starts out very large at the base, and slopes dramatically until it peters out at a fairly young age.
        
        High death rates because of disease, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical knowledge.
        
        High birth rates, little or no family planning, parents have many children because few survive, many children are needed to work the land, some religious beliefs and cultural traditions encourage large families.