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Geography: the study of the planet's surface and the processes that…
Geography: the study of the planet's surface and the processes that shape it
Basic Geography
5 Themes of Geography
Movement
Place: What's it like when you get there?
Thematic Maps: maps with overlaying data
Region : based on spatial criteria (location, common characteristics)
Formal Region: measurable characteristic
States
Countries
Cities
Functional Region: system of interactions, central point with outside links
Airline HQ in Denver has flights all across the United States and internationally (think web).
Perceptual Region: feeling or attitude about an area, which is more likely to change over time. (frequently stereotypical, loosely defined).
The South
Middle East
Southern California
Location: Where is it?
Absolute Location
Latitude/Longitude
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
Relative Location
Human Environment Interaction
Weather: general condition at a given place at a certain time
Climate: average pattern of weather over time for a given region
Climate Affectors
Latitude
As latitude increases, temperature decreases.
Relative Location to Large Water Body
Close to a body of water means less intense temperature swings (water moderates temperature).
Orographic Effect
Oceans next to mountains
Leeward: warm, dry, and has a rain shadow.
Windward: rainy, cool, and moist.
Elevation
Temperature drops 3 degrees per 1000 feet up in elevation.
Ocean Currents
Hot water currents mean hot temperatures and hurricanes.
Cold water currents mean colder temperatures.
Climograph: plots monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location (line: temp, bar: precip.)
Physical Geography (Physical Processes)
Tectonics
Climate
Human Geography (Aspects of Human Life)
Population
GIS uses data and maps combined. It can give information about both human geography and physical geography.
Maps
A GPS can pinpoint a person's absolute location using satellite imagery
A map of the globe has to be distorted to be put onto a flat paper. Different projections are used such as the mercator projection that may distort size, shape, or both.
Demography: the study of patterns in human populations (life expectancy, age, birth rate)
Dependency Ratio
Formula: 100 (Dependents / Workers)
Dependents: age 0-14, 65+
Workers: age 15-64
Population Density: number of people per square unit of area
Rate of Natural Increase: difference between births and deaths in a year
Birth Rate: number of people born each year in a given area
Death Rate: number of people that die per year in a given area
Life Expectancy: the average number of years that a person is expected to live in certain conditions
Subsistence Economy: economy that relies on goods and trade rather than currency
Fertility Rate: the average number of births per 1000 women in a year
Infant Mortality Rate: number of deaths under 1 years old per 1000 in a year
Demographic Transition Model: a theory that demographers use to predict change in birth, death, and natural increase rates as countries transition or mature from less developed to highly developed economies and societies.
Stage 1: Low Growth Stage
High Birth Rates
parents have many children, few survive
many children are needed to work the land
little / no family planning
same religious beliefs and cultural traditions encourage large families
High Death Rates
famine / poor diet
little medical knowledge
disease / hygeine
Fluctuations in birth / death rates
Mostly Rural Population
Non industrialized Economy
Subsistence Agriculture
Examples: war zones like Afghanistan, some rural Africa
Stage 2: High Growth Stage (population explosion)
Falling Death Rates
improved sanitation / water supply
improvements in food production
improved medical care
improved transport (of food and doctors)
decrease in child mortality
Rapid Rate of Natural Increase
High Birth Rates
same religious beliefs and cultural traditions encourage large families
parents have many children, few survive
many children are needed to work the land
little / no family planning
High Infant Mortality, but Decreasing
Example: Sub-Saharan Africa
Post-Industrial Societies, Mostly Rural Population
Stage 3: Moderate Growth Stage
Falling Birth Rates
increased mechanization and industrialization
urbanization (children in cities is very expensive
lower infant mortality rates
increased desire for material possesions
family planning utilized
more opportunities for women
Low Death Rates
improvements in food production
improved transport (of food and doctors)
improved sanitation / water supply
decrease in child mortality
improved medical care
Cash Economy
Social Acceptance
Addressing Social and Economic Issues
Examples: Bangladesh, Malaysia, China, India
Stage 4: Low Growth Stage
Low Death Rates
improved medical care
improved sanitation / water supply
decrease in child mortality
improvements in food production
improved transport (of food and doctors)
Industrialized Economy
Low Birth Rates
fertility rates plunge to below replacement rate
value of women rises
contraception becomes more accessible
Examples: Australia, United States
Geopolitics: an issue is geopolitical if it incorporates the government (political) and physical (geographic) aspects of a society.
Migration: movement from one location to another (country, city, state, etc.)
Push Factors: the factors making someone want to leave a place (pushed away)
Pull Factors: the factors that one location has (and the other does not) that would cause people to want to migrate.
Sovereignty: supreme authority to make decisions about what happens in a space
Refugee: person who was forced to leave their country (for war, persecution, natural disaster).
Asylum: political protection granted to a refugee
Ethnonationalism: a country is divided by race
Boundaries: show which lands belong to which peoples
Territoriality: creating ownership over a defined space (humans make personal connections with space)
Example: country, bedroom, movie theater seat
Territorial Morphology: study of the shapes of countries and their effects on human life
Prorupted State: an otherwise fairly compact state with a large projecting extension (Namibia).
Perforated State: a state that completely surrounds another state (South Africa).
Compact State: the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same (Sierra Leone).
Elongated State: a long, thin state (Chile).
Fragmented State: a state that is separated by a physical or human barrier (Equatorial Guinea).
Enclave State: a state that is completely surrounded by another state, but not ruled by it (Lesotho).
Exclave State: a part of a national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs.
Types of Boundaries
Physical / Natural Boundary: separate territory according to natural features in the landscape
Ocean Boundaries: UN convention on the law of the seas (UNCLOS)
Coastal States have complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from their shore ("territorial waters")
Other countries have the right of innocent passage
Contiguous Zone (miles 12-24): states can exert limited control to prevent or punish infringements of customs, fiscal, immigration, or sanitary laws / regulations within its territory
Exclusive Economic Zone (0-200 miles): state has control of all economic resources, like fishing, mining, etc, but cannot prevent passage or loitering
International Waters (200+ miles): land owned by everyone
Median-Line Principle: in case of an overlap, 2+ would have to come together and divide up the waters evenly
Geometric Political Boundary: straight-line boundary
Economy: system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region
Primary Sector: economic activities that involve harvesting raw materials
Secondary Sector: economic activities that involve turning raw materials into finished products of greater value
Tertiary Sector: economic activities that involve distributing materials or goods and performing a service
Industrialization = shift to a strong 2nd sector
GDP (gross domestic product): the total value of all goods and services produced in a location over the period of one year
production
.
Equation:
C + I + G +NX
I = business spending
G = government spending
C = consumer spending
NX = exports - imports
UNHDI (united nations human development index): measures income, life expectancy, and education levels
H is between 0 and 1. Being closer to 1 means a country is more developed
Geography causes economic and political inequality because it gives some countries the advantage to develop faster than others, and this causes political conflict and war.
Globalization: process of countries beginning to operate on an international scale
Pros: better quality of life for millions of people
Cons: planet cannot sustain everyone being globalized (climate change)