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PIB World Geography (Economic geography (Countries (Gross domestic product…

- - - - Pros: Creates jobs, decreases tariffs, country competition decreasing price, develops poor countries, spread of culture and acceptance.
      - Cons: Rich richer and poor poorer, supports bad working conditions, cooperations gaining power and avoid taxes.
    - - Tropical climate: Spreads disease, hard to grow good crops or find domesticable animals.
      - Bad rivers/ harbors: Stops trade and spread of information through the continent and internationally.
      - Abundant natural resources: Leads to exploitation by other countries and led to slavery in Africa.
  - - - C: Consumer spending = How much do people buy?
      - I: Business spending = how much did businesses spend?
      - G: Government spending = How much did the government spend?
      - NX: Net exports = exports minus imports
- - - - Stage 1: Everyone survies for themselves. It's the control of nature and diseases. High birth rates= no family planning, high infant mortality, children needed to work, religious beliefs of large families. High death rates= disease, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, no medical knowledge.
      - Stage 2: Fastest growth stage with lowering death rates, but continual birth rates. High birth for same reasons, falling death rates= better medical & sanitation, food production, transportation.
      - Stage 3: Steady death rates from medical care improvements. Lowering birth rate: Kids become a burden, better education, contraception, less labor, cities.
      - Stage 4: Birth rates low, death rates low. Family planning, good health, later marriage.
    - - total ratio: number (or %) of population 0-14 and 65+/ number (%) of population 15-64
      - youth: 0-14 years old/workers elderly: 65+/workers
  - - - Slow/ stable growth; High life expectancy, equal in each cohort until old age, narrow base and low birth rate.
      - Rapid growth: Relatively few old people, steady population growth, low life expectancy, middle aged population.
      - Negative growth: Long lfie expectancy, declining birth rates, low birth rate, lots of old people,
  - - - .1(birth rate - death rate)
- - - - Absolute location: Can only be one unique location, measured by longitude and latitude.
        
        Meridian of longitude: Imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, perpendicular to the equator.
        
        Parallel of latitude: Imaginary vertical lines running parallel to the equator
      - Relative location: Where it is compared to other things, uses cardinal directions and comparisons
        
        Intermediate directions: Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast
        
        Cardinal directions: North, East, South, West
    - - Culture, climate, religion, economics, food. Can be measured by thematic maps.
    - - Climate vs weather
        
        Climate: Average pattern of weather in an area over time.
        
        Weather: General atmospherical conditions at the current moment with precipitation and temperature.
      - 5 factors that affect climate
        
        Latitude: As latitude increases, average annual temperature decreases.
        
        Closeness to large bodies of water: Water moderates temp, closeness= cool summers and warm winters.
        
        Orographic effect: Windward side of mountain = Moist and cool
        Leeward side = Dry and warm
        
        Elevation: Higher elevation decreases temperature
        
        Ocean currents: Cool currents = cool climate, warm currents = warm climate
    - - Formal: Based on measurable, shared traits that distinguish them -- states, countries, city where ___, rainforests.
      - Functional regions: Based on a system of interactions and center of activity, like a bike wheel, such as transportation and trade -- airports, highways, radio stations, paper routes.
      - Perceptual regions: based on peoples feelings and attitudes about an area. More likely to change over time, stereotypes -- Southern California, The South, NYC, Middle East.
- - - - Compact state: Distance from center to border is mostly consistent - good transportation and defense.
      - Prorupted state: Otherwise fairly compact with large projected extension.
      - Perforated state: State that completely surrounds another.
      - Elongated state: A long, thin state, difficult to communicate and transport.
      - Fragmented state: State separated by physical/ human barriers.
      - Exclave state: Part of a national territory broken off
      - Enclave: Country completely surrounded by another, not controlled by it.
    - - Geometric political boundaries: Straight line boundaries that don't relate to the culture or physical features of the area.
      - Physical/ natural boundaries: Separate territories according to the natural features of the landscape.
      - Ocean boundaries: How far off the coast is international waters?
    - - Territorial water: Coastal states have complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from their shore. Like you are standing on land, other countries have innocent passage.
        
        Contiguous zone: States can exert limited control of prevent/ punish violations of security or sanitation 12-24 miles off from the coast.
        
        Exclusive economic zone: 200 miles from the coast the state has control over all economic resources like fishing and mining.
        
        International waters: Outside of the 200 miles is owned by everyone.
        
        UNCLOS agreement
      - Median line principle: When states overlap in a territory, this makes them divide the water equally in the center.
  - - - Push factors drive people away from their country, like poverty or rising cost of farming.
      - Pull factors bring people to somewhere, like manufacturing jobs or better future.