PIB World Geography
Basics of geography
Population and demography
Geopolitics and borders
Economic geography
Borders
5 major themes of geography
Types and tools of geography
Location: Where is it?
Absolute location: Can only be one unique location, measured by longitude and latitude.
Relative location: Where it is compared to other things, uses cardinal directions and comparisons
Intermediate directions: Northwest, Northeast, Southwest, Southeast
Cardinal directions: North, East, South, West
Meridian of longitude: Imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, perpendicular to the equator.
Parallel of latitude: Imaginary vertical lines running parallel to the equator
Place: What's it like when you get there?
Culture, climate, religion, economics, food. Can be measured by thematic maps.
Human-environmental interactions
Climate vs weather
Climate: Average pattern of weather in an area over time.
Weather: General atmospherical conditions at the current moment with precipitation and temperature.
5 factors that affect climate
Latitude: As latitude increases, average annual temperature decreases.
Closeness to large bodies of water: Water moderates temp, closeness= cool summers and warm winters.
Orographic effect: Windward side of mountain = Moist and cool
Leeward side = Dry and warm
Elevation: Higher elevation decreases temperature
Ocean currents: Cool currents = cool climate, warm currents = warm climate
Movement: How people, products, and info move from one place to another.
Regions: Divisions based on spacial criteria and common characteristics like physical/natural or human/cultural factors.
Formal: Based on measurable, shared traits that distinguish them -- states, countries, city where ___, rainforests.
Functional regions: Based on a system of interactions and center of activity, like a bike wheel, such as transportation and trade -- airports, highways, radio stations, paper routes.
Perceptual regions: based on peoples feelings and attitudes about an area. More likely to change over time, stereotypes -- Southern California, The South, NYC, Middle East.
Human geography: Study of various aspects of human life that create the distinctive landscapes & religions of the world.
Physical geography: Study of earth's physical processes.
GPS: Global positioning system that use satellites to allow people to know their location.
GIS: Geographic information system is a system used to analyze and understand geographic data.
Map projections and distortions: Different attempts to create a flat map based off of a round earth, creating distortion - inaccurate sizes.
Climographs: Plot the average monthly precipitation and temperature for a given location.
Economy
Demographic Transition Model: The theory that demographers use to predict change of population as a country developed.
Dependency ratio: comparison of workers in a population to the amount of people that need support.
Population
Population density: Average amount of people per unit of measurement if everyone was distributed evenly on the land surface.
Demography: The study of patterns in human population.
Population pyramids: Shows the population of a country based on age and gender.
Territorial morphology
Types of borders
UNCLOS treaty: United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas that decided an official treaty for ocean boundaries.
Geopolitics: the jockeying among countries for territories, resources, or influence. Politics, especially international relations, as influence by geography.
Push/pull factors
Sovereignty: The capability of a country to manage internal affairs as it sees fit without outside interference.
Refugee: person who has been forced to leave their country due to war, persecution, or natural disasters.
Asylum: The protection granted by a country to someone who has left their countries as a refugee.
Ethnonationalism: Having pride in your nationality or culture.
Sectors
Geography
Countries
Slow/ stable growth; High life expectancy, equal in each cohort until old age, narrow base and low birth rate.
Rapid growth: Relatively few old people, steady population growth, low life expectancy, middle aged population.
Negative growth: Long lfie expectancy, declining birth rates, low birth rate, lots of old people,
Population numbers
Life expectancy: Average age someone is expected to live to in a certain population.
Infant mortality rate: How many deaths for children under one year of are occur among the live births per 1000 births
Total fertility rate: Average number of children per women based on country average.
Death rate; How many deaths are occurring out of every 1000 people each year.
Birth Rate: How many live births are occurring out of every 1000 people each year.
Rate of natural increase: Relationship between birth rate and death rate in a certain population (ignoring migration).
.1(birth rate - death rate)
total ratio: number (or %) of population 0-14 and 65+/ number (%) of population 15-64
youth: 0-14 years old/workers elderly: 65+/workers
Cash economy: Less need for many people to do agricultural/labor work. Demand for fewer, trained specialists. Need education, children are a weight.
Subsistence economy: family produces most of it's own food, clothing, and shelter. Children are an asset.
Stage 1: Everyone survies for themselves. It's the control of nature and diseases. High birth rates= no family planning, high infant mortality, children needed to work, religious beliefs of large families. High death rates= disease, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, no medical knowledge.
Stage 2: Fastest growth stage with lowering death rates, but continual birth rates. High birth for same reasons, falling death rates= better medical & sanitation, food production, transportation.
Stage 3: Steady death rates from medical care improvements. Lowering birth rate: Kids become a burden, better education, contraception, less labor, cities.
Stage 4: Birth rates low, death rates low. Family planning, good health, later marriage.
Geometric political boundaries: Straight line boundaries that don't relate to the culture or physical features of the area.
Physical/ natural boundaries: Separate territories according to the natural features of the landscape.
Ocean boundaries: How far off the coast is international waters?
Compact state: Distance from center to border is mostly consistent - good transportation and defense.
Prorupted state: Otherwise fairly compact with large projected extension.
Perforated state: State that completely surrounds another.
Elongated state: A long, thin state, difficult to communicate and transport.
Fragmented state: State separated by physical/ human barriers.
Exclave state: Part of a national territory broken off
Enclave: Country completely surrounded by another, not controlled by it.
Territorial water: Coastal states have complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from their shore. Like you are standing on land, other countries have innocent passage.
Contiguous zone: States can exert limited control of prevent/ punish violations of security or sanitation 12-24 miles off from the coast.
Exclusive economic zone: 200 miles from the coast the state has control over all economic resources like fishing and mining.
International waters: Outside of the 200 miles is owned by everyone.
Median line principle: When states overlap in a territory, this makes them divide the water equally in the center.
UNCLOS agreement
Push factors drive people away from their country, like poverty or rising cost of farming.
Pull factors bring people to somewhere, like manufacturing jobs or better future.
Economy: A system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region.
Primary sector: Economic activities involving harvesting of raw materials. Mining, farming, logging, fishing.
Secondary sector: Manufacturing of better products from raw materials. Farm materials to food, cotton to clothes.
Tertiary sector: Activities that involve distributing/ moving materials and goods. Also activities that involve performing a service or at a retail store/ restaurant.
Gross domestic product: Total value of all goods and services produced in a location over one year.
Human development index: Income + life expectancy + education levels, measured from 0 to 1 showing the quality of life in countries.
Industrialization: Transition from the primary sector to the secondary sector in the country's economy.
Globalization: International use of the tertiary sector of the economy. Getting international influence.
Pros: Creates jobs, decreases tariffs, country competition decreasing price, develops poor countries, spread of culture and acceptance.
Cons: Rich richer and poor poorer, supports bad working conditions, cooperations gaining power and avoid taxes.
C: Consumer spending = How much do people buy?
I: Business spending = how much did businesses spend?
G: Government spending = How much did the government spend?
NX: Net exports = exports minus imports
GDP per capita: Gross domestic product divided by country's population.
Inequality
Tropical climate: Spreads disease, hard to grow good crops or find domesticable animals.
Bad rivers/ harbors: Stops trade and spread of information through the continent and internationally.
Abundant natural resources: Leads to exploitation by other countries and led to slavery in Africa.
More developed countries: United states, Germany, France, Japan
Less developed countries: DR Congo, Zambia, Vietnam, Haiti