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Geography (Basics of geography (5 factors that affect climate ((Ocean…
Geography
Basics of geography
Physical Geography- branch of geography dealing with natural features and processes
Human Geography- how humans affect or are impacted by the earth.
Absolute Location- a location using lat/long, exact address
Relative Location- location based on other landmarks
Latitude- north or south of the equator
Longitude- east or west of the prime meridian
GPS- a global positioning system made up of satellites around space that pick up signals of your location.
GIS- a geographic information system for gathering, managing, and analyzing data.
Map Projections and Distortion
Mercator Projection- the most common used map of the world. Preserves angles and shapes of countries but distorts size
Robinson Projection- The robinson projection is very distorted nearing the poles.
5 factors that affect climate
Orthographic effect- Windward side: Wetter. Leeward: drier
Closeness to large bodies of water- water moderates the temperature. Cooler summers warmer winters
Elevation- the higher up, the colder, the lower, the warner
Latitude- as latitude increases, the average temperature decreases
Ocean currents. Warmer currents: warmer weather, Colder currents: colder weather
Climate- the weather over a long period of time
Weather- conditions right here and now, or soon
Climographs measure the average precipitation and temperature in given months of a certain place
5 Themes of geography
Human- environment interaction- how humans affect the environment and how they are affected geography
Regions- spatial areas that share some different characteristics
Place- what the place is like once you get there (religion, culture, politics, climate, terrain, etc.)
Movement- ideas, people, goods, disease
Location- where something is on the earth
Geopolitics- an issue thats influenced by factors like geography, economics, and borders
Pull factors- a factor that attracts people to come and live there
Push factors- factors that make people unnatracted to where they are; reasons to leave
Sovereignty- a country that rules itself
Refugee- someone who has been forced to leave their country to escape war, persecution, or a natural disaster
Asylum- protection from government to someone fleeing their country for their life
Ethnonationalism- where nationalism is defined as a type of ethnicity
Types of Boundaries
Geometric - political boundaries unrelated to culture or physical differences
Physical- a naturally occurring boundary between two areas (mountains, rivers, etc.)
Ocean- boundaries in the ocean
UNCLOS treaty
Territorial Waters- up to 12 miles off the coast with complete soverignty
Contiguous zone- partial sovereignty up to 24 miles off the coast
excusive economic zone- all resources you can claim up to 200 miles off coast
international waters- no country has a claim
Median- line principle: if an island doesn't have up to 200 miles, they have to split up evenly
Types of borders
Compact state- a state that has realitvely even all around (square, circle,etc.)
Prorupted state- mainly compact, with a long extension as part of it
Perforated State- a state that completely surrounds another
Elongated state- a state that is really long and narrow
Fragmented- states that are separated (islands)
Enclave- a territory completely surrounded by another state
Enclave- a part of that state not connected to the main part. Usually not covered completely by another state
Economy- a network of consumers, producers, and distributers in a community
Industrialization- the process of converting a society to large scale economic industries
Globalization- the processes by which businesses or other organizations start developing on a global, or worldwide scale.
Primary Sector-harvesting raw and natural materials
Secondary Sector- production of the raw materials
Tertiary Sector- distribution of the processed raw material
More Developed Countries- ( United States, Britain, France, Spain, Australia, New Zealand, etc.)
LessDeveloped Countries- ( DRC, CAR, Rwanda, Angola, Nigeria , Uganda, etc.)
HDI- the Human Development Index is used to measure quality of life around the world. It isn't just measured by the GDP, but also the avg. years of schooling, and the life expectancy along with the GDP to produce the HDI.
GDP- gross domestic product which means how much the country spends every year. The formula is C + G + I + NX. C is consumer spending, G is government spending, I is investments, and NX is exports-imports.
GDP per capita- measure of a country's economic ouput that accounts for its number of people. It is the GDP/total population.
Demography- Study of human populations
Population Density- measurement of number of people per area
Rate of Natural Increase- # of live births- #of live deaths divided by the population
Birth rate- the rate of live births a year
Death Rate- the rate of mortalities per year
Life expectancy- the average period that someone is expected to live
Total fertility rate- the average rate of children per woman
Infant mortality rate- the rate of number of babies who die under one per year.
Subsistence economy- economy that doesn't make money; relies on crops. makes everything for themselves
Demographic Transition Model- theory that demographers use to predict the rate of people growing
Stage 1: Low growth, poor, death and birth rate high
Why high birth rates? No family planning/contraception, high infant mortality, children needed to work, religious beliefs. High death rates because of no healthcare, disease lack of access to clean water, good food, not enough protein, bad hygiene
Stage 2: high growth stage (population explosion)
birthrates slowly declining, death rates quickly declining. Death rates declining because of improved medical care, improved sanitation and water supply, improvement in food production, improved transportation, and decrease in child mortality
Stage 3: getting richer; not great
birthrates declining dramatically, death rates are very low. there is lower birth rates because of more family planning, low infant mortalities, urbanization=less children, increased desire for more material posession, less large families
Stage 4: highly developed
low birth rates and low death rates
Population pyramids- a graph measuring the population vs age in different areas
Wide base: birth rate high
Top-heavy: many old people, negative birth rates
if there is a high death rate, there will be gaps between different ages; uneven
High infant mortality: large base, but gets smaller as you move up
If there is a very triangular shape, then the country isn't very stable. Poor healthcare and life expectancy.
Dependency Ratio- # of dependents/# of workers
100 or # of % of pop. 0-14 yrs + 65+/ # of % of pop. 15-64
100
Geographic Causes of Inequality
Wild rivers- bad for transportation
Abundant natural resources- often taken advantage of for expolitation
Tropical Climate - diseases spread quickly
No doemsticable crops and animals- can't really grow anything or have any natural animals