Geography
Human Geography
Human-Environmental Interaction
Human-Environmental Interaction describes how humans affect the environment and what that has to do with Geography.
Physical Geography
Absolute vs. Relative Location Absolute location is the exact latitude and longitude of a location, and relative location is the location of a place in relation to other places, like an address, or what a place is near.
GPS and GIS
GPS stands for Global Positioning System, and it make maps of the world and gives peoples directions. GIS stands for Geographic Information System, and it provides information abour places like where are the poorest areas, etc.
Latitude vs. Longitude Latitude are the lines on a globe or map that go horizontally, and longitude are the lines on a globe or map that go vertically.
Map Projections and Distortions
Since the Earth is a sphere, it is impossible for it to be displayed on a flat surface without being distorted in some way. for example, the map Google uses, distorts the size of the continent. Greenland looks the same size as Africa, when in reality Africa is much bigger.
Climate vs. Weather
Climate is what the weather is generally like in an area, like average precipitation or temperature range, and weather is the specific weather is at the moment.
5 Factors That Affect Climate
- Altitude
- Lattitude
- Topography
4.Oceans and Lakes - Winds
Climographs
Climographs are diagrams that show the average precipitation and temperature per month of a place.
Region
Region is based on spatial criteria.
Movement
Movement describes the migration patterns of people, and how the Geography of places might affect that.
Place
Place describes the characteristics of a place like what the people are like or physical features of it are.
Location
Location decribes where a place is, maybe the Latitude and Longitude or relative location.
Demography
The study of things like birth/ death rates in a place and hw in affects population and human geography.
Population Density
Population Density is the density of people that live in an area.
Rate of Natural Increase
Rate of natural increase in the amount a population increases based on natural reproduction.
Birth Rate
Number of births (usually per thousand) per year in a place.
Death Rate
Number of deaths (usually per thousand) per year in a place.
Life Expectancy
The average amount of years a person is expected to live in a place.
Subsistence Economy
Where a population relies on their crops and animals to sustain life.
Total Fertility Rate
The number of babies per woman in a place.
Infant Mortality Rate
How many babies die per babies that were born.
Demographic Transition Model
- High birth/ death rated
- High growth stage
3.Falling birth rates
$. low growth stage
Population Pyramids
A Population Pyramid shows the amount of people in an age group any given year.
Dependency Ratio
The amount of people in an area that are depended on to do work
Geopolitics
Something is a geopolitical issue if it is a political issue or argument over something geographical.
Push/Pull Factors
Factors like work, environment, lifestyle, or money that push or pull people to or from an area.
Sovereignty
The owning and ruling of a part of land. All the recourses from the land belong to them and they govern it.
Refugee
A refugee is a person who seeks safety from danger in their own countries and need to stay in another without immigrating.
Asylum
Asylum is a place that hold refugees.
Ethonationalism
Nations defined by ethnics.
Types of Boundaries
UNCLOS Treaty
International treaty that states sovereignty over oceans and coasts.
Territorial Waters
First zone of total sovereignty.
Contiguous Zone
Maritime zone.
Exclusive Economic Zone
Zone with special exploration rights and marine use.
International Waters
Waters where no certain country has any specific rights.
Median Line Principle
if two countries are too close together for there to be International Waters in between, then they split the space between the countries down the middle and start the zones from there.
Types of States
Compact State
Shape is simple and compact.
Prorupted State
Like Compact states but has small parts coming out.
Perforated State
A state with another state inside it.
Elongated State
An elongated state.
Fragmented State
A state in pieces.
Enclave State
A state inside another state.
Exclave State
A portion of a state separated from the rest of the state.
The Economy
Trade, Money, Jobs, People.
Industrialization
When a country becomes more involved with the rest of the world and develops.
Primary Sector
Making direct use of natural resources.
Secondary Sector
Taking stuff from natural recourses and making it into other things.
Tertiary Sector
Services.
Human Development Index
Used to rank countries into stages of development.
Gross Domestic Product
All money, goods and services measured.
GDP Per Capita
Rank of GDPs.
Globalization
The sharing of people, info, making the world more of a whole.
Geographic Causes of Inequality
Abundant natural recourses. non domesticatable plants/animal, bad harbors etc.