World Geography
Territorial Morphology
Compact State: A country where any point on its borders are relatively equidistant from its center. (France, Gabon)
Prorupted State: A relatively compact state with on little section that randomly juts out a bit. (Thailand, Myanmar)
Perforated State: A country that surrounds another. (South Africa, Italy)
Elongated Sate: A county that is particularly long and not very wide. (Chile, Malawi)
Fragmented State: a country that is broken up into pieces. (Canada, Norway)
Enclave State: A country that is completely surrounded by another country. (Lethso, Vatican City)
Exclave State: A part of a country that is broken off from the major body. (Galapagos Islands)
Basic Terms & Ideas
Human Geography: how humans have affected a places landscape and region.
Physical Geography: the study of land forms such a rivers and mountains and climate patterns on our planet.
Absolute Location: Longitude/Latitude or an address
Relative Location: where is a place is in relation to something else. (The lake is southwest of the library)
5 Factors That Effect Climate:
Latitude: N/S of the equator
Longitude: E/W of the Prime Meridan
Political Geography
UNCLOS Treaty
5 Themes of Geography
Location: Where is it? Absolute vs Relative
Place: What is it like when you get to a location.
Movement: How humans move from place to place.
Human-environmental Interaction: How humans effect the place they live in and how people have adapted to live in that place.
Region: regions are based on spatial criteria and common characteristics
Physical: natural regions (mountain range)
Human: cultural (The South)
Latitude
Closeness to Large Bodies of Water
Orographic Effect
Elevation
Ocean Currents
Physical/ Natural Boundaries: separate territory according to natural features.
Territorial Waters: (12 miles out), countries have complete sovereignty
Contigous Zone: (12-24 miles out), countries can exert limited control and can prevent or punish people for smuggling
Exclusive Economic Zone: (0-200 miles out), countries have exclusive rights to fishing, oil drilling, etc. in this area.
Outside of this, the water is for everyone
Median Line Principle: If two countries are closer than 200 miles, you cut the area halfway inbetween.
Geometric Political Boundaries: straight line boundaries that are usually designed by countries. These are different from cultural or physical regions.
Ocean Boundaries: The UN created them in 1973 with the UN Convention on the Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) Treaty
Demography: the study of human population patterns
Population Density: how many people occupy a certain area of land (how many people per 100 sq km)
Rate of Natural Increase (Growth Rate): How much a country has grown since the previous year
Birth Rate: Babies being born per 1000 women in a country
Death Rate: People dying per 1000 people in a country
Life Expectancy: How old people are expected to live in a country based on past death rates
Subsistence Economy: An economy that relies on itself for food and goods. Mainly farming based.
Total Fertility Rate: Births occuring including those that result in death.
Infant Mortality Rate: Number of children dying before reaching the age of one.
Demographic Transition Model: Displays the stages of development a country is in.
Stage 1:
Countries with high birth rates and high death rates, slow growth rates because of this. Birth rates are due to children dying young while high death rates are due to famine and diseases. (ex. Amazon Basin Tribes)
Population Pyramids: Display number of people in that age range and gender int he countries population.
Dependency Ratio: Dependents (0-14, 65+ years old) divided by workers (15-64 years old)
Geopolitics: When two or more countries have issues regarding borders, goods/trading, citizenship
Push Factors: Something that pushes people out of a place. (war, religious prosecution)
Pull Factors: Something the pulls people from a place. (Better jobs, urbanization, family)
Sovereignty: When a country has full control over a place.
Refugee: Someone feeling their country and searching for safety somewhere else. Usually running from war.
Asylum: A place that takes in refugees and protects them from what the are escaping.
Ethnonationalism: Nationalism determined by your ethnicity.
Economy
Industrialization: When a country leans away from farming and begins relying more on factories and trains.
Primary Sector: Sector of the economy that deals with harvesting raw materials. (ex. farming, mining, logging)
Secondary Sector: Sector of the economy that deals with manufacturing goods. (ex. factories)
Tertiary Sector: Sector of the economy in charge of distributing goods and activities that involve performing a service. (ex. retail store, doctor and lawyer)
More-Developed Countries (MDC): Countries that are mainly in the Secondary and Tertiary sectors of the economy.
Less-Developed Countries (LDC): Countries that are mainly in the Primary sector of the economy.
Human Development Index: measures income, life expectancy and education levels in a country. (From 0 to 1)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): measures production value of all goods and services in 1 year.
GDP per capita: Gross domestic product within a city.
Globalization
Pros:
Cons:
Helps less developed countries grow into more developed through more trade
Connects countries which leads to more oppurtunities
Can create conflicts when countries who are connected through trade are then caught in ethical issues
Geographic Causes of Inequality
Countries that have no domesticateble animals/plants
Countries with bad natural harbors
Countries that are hard to reach due to deserts/large mountains
Countries in tropical enviroments
Stage 2:
Countries with high birth rates but death rates begin to decline rapidly. A very high natural increase in population. Birth rates are due to similar reasons as stage 1 but religious factors and cultural factors come into play. Decrease in death rates is due to improved medical systems. (ex. Kenya, India, Egypt)
Stage 3:
Countries with slowing birth rates and death rates beginning to fall at a more stable rate. This is due to improved medical care and diet as well as better water sanitation. Also fewer children are needed as economies turn from being a subsistence one. (ex. Brazil)
Stage 4:
Countries with low birth rates and death rates. Stable or slow natural increase. Birth rates due to family planning as well as better education for women. Death rates due to good health care and reliable food supply. (ex. USA, France, Japan)
Slow/Stable Growth: Similar width at bottom to top. Mean population is in Stage 3 or 4 of Demographic Transition Model.
Rapid Growth: Large base with higher births of children but they die sooner that slow growth, meaning a thin top. Looks like a curved triangle.
Declining Growth: A smaller base with a wider top. Means less children are being born while elders are living much longer.
Climographs: A type of graph used to show average rainfall and temperatures in a place. (Rainfall is bars, temperature is dots.)
Climate v. Weather
Climate is what the weather is like in a place on average during that time of year.
Weather is what is will be like today in a place. Weather is what climate is based on.
Global Positioning System (GPS): A system that using Longitude/Latitude to locate where you are on earth using satellites.
Geographic Information System (GIS): A way to organize information about a place into a map.