PIB 9 Geography Final Review
Demography
The study of patterns in human populations
Rate of Natural Increase / Growth Rate: the relationship between the number of people being born and the number dying in a given population
Birth Rate: the average number of live births per 1000 of population per year
Death Rate: the average number of deaths per 1000 of population per year
Life Expectancy: the average time that a person lives
Subsistence Economy: a family produces most of its own food, clothing, and shelter (generally many children to do work is recommended)
Population Density: the number of people that live in a measurable area
Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children a women has in her life
Demographic Transition Model: a tool the demographers use to predict changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates as countries transition or "mature" from less developed to a higher developed country.
Infant Mortality Rate: the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age.
Stage 1: Low growth stage
High birth rates
Stage 2: High growth stage
High birth rates
parents have more children because less survive
Many children are needed to work the land
some religious beliefs and traditions encourage bigger families
High death rates
disease, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical knowledge
Low population due to high death rate
same as stage 1
Falling death rates
improved medical care
increasing population - less babies dying giant population increase
improved sanitation and water supply
improved food production in terms of quality and quantity
improved transportation
decreased child mortality
Stage 3: Moderate growth stage
Falling birth rates
Stage 4: Low growth stage
family planning (contraceptives, sterilization, etc.)
lower child mortality
increased industrialization and urbanization - more opportunities for women
Low death rates
same as stage 2
Low birth rates
fertility rates plunge to replacement level (2 children per)
Low death rates
same as stage 3
Population pyramids: a chart depicting the number of people in a population with different age groups
Slow/stable growth: this is when the country is in a mid-development stage and the growth is settling around the recommended number of 2 children per women
Rapid growth: this is when the country is in a high development stage and the death rate and child mortality rate is high, making the parents want to have more and more kids.
Negative/declining growth: This is when the country has more older age or post working age people than those that are being born.
Dependency ratio: The number of working age people compared to the dependents (0-14 & 65+)
Total dependency ratio: (# or % of pop. 0-14 + 65+) / (# or % of pop. 15-64) x 100
Elderly DR: (# or % of pop. 65+) / (# or % of pop. 15-64) x 100
Youth DR: (# or % of pop. 0-14) / (# or % of pop. 15-64) x 100
Geopolitics: when geographic land forms (man made and natural) have political meaning or strike up political controversy
Push/pull factors: factors that lead to immigration
Push: Factors that push people out of a country
Pull: factors that pull people into a country
Sovereignty: supreme power or authority
A country has complete sovereignty over the territorial waters
Refugee: someone who is fleeing their home country due to violence, war, persecution, or natural disaster
Asylum: the protection granted by a country to someone fleeing their country as a political refugee
Ethno-nationalism: a nation based off of ethnic beliefs such as religion or tribal regions
Geography
Human geography: the study of various aspects of human life that create the distinctive landscapes and religions of the world
Political and Economic Geography
Physical geography: the study of Earth's physical processes
Location
Absolute location: exact spot, coordinates
Relative location: relative spot to something
Latitude: the distance (degrees) north or south of the equator
Longitude: the distance (degrees) east or west of the meridian
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): the total value of all goods and services produced in a location over the period of one year
GIS (Geographic Information Systems): a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data.
Map projections and distortion: to fit a spherical globe onto a flat map, you have to distort it somehow to fit all of the world on it.
Mercator: shows direction but distorts size
Eckert IV: shows size but distorts shape
Goode's Homolosine: show continents but distorts oceans
climate/weather ; themes of geography
Climate: weather patterns over time
Weather: what the general condition of the atmosphere is at a given time
5 factors that affect climate
latitude
elevation
ocean currents
Orographic effect
large bodies of water
Climographs: a graph that plots the monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location for that year
Themes of geography
Location: where is it?
absolute location
relative location
Place: What is it like when you get there?
mountains, liberal, educated, etc.
Movement
Human-Environmental Interaction
how the people interact with the environment around them
Region
Formal: is it a measurable characteristic, an official region
Functional: defined by a system of interactions, center of connections to outside places
Perceptual: defined by people's feelings and attitudes about the area, can change over time, can be bias
the movement of culture, ideas and people from one place to another
Political
Economic
types of boundaries
The economy: a system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular region
Geometric: straight line boundaries that do not follow physical features
Physical/natural: boundaries based off of physical features
Ocean: The UNCLOS treaty
UNCLOS treaty: the UN Convention on the Law Of the Seas
Territorial waters: coastal states have complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from shore
Contiguous zone: a band of water extending from the edge of territorial waters up to 24 miles from shore - they can control immigration, drugs, sanitary laws, etc.
Exclusive economic zone: a coastal state can claim up to 200 miles of territory beyond its shoreline - all resources is theirs (fish oil, etc.)
International waters: outside of 200 miles is considered to be owned by everyone
Median line principle: divides water up evenly between 2 countries
Territorial morphology
Compact state: the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same
Prorupted state: a fairly compact state with a large projecting extension
Perforated state: a state that completely surrounds another state
Elongated state: a long, thin state
Fragmented state: a state that is separated by a physical or human barrier. - state with islands
Enclave state: a state that is completely surrounded by another state
Exclave state: a part of national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs
Industrialization: the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale
Primary sector: economic activities involve harvesting raw materials
Secondary sector: activities that involve turning raw materials into finished products of greater value - manufacturing
Tertiary sector:activities that involve distributing materials and goods - performing a service
More
type of country
More-developed country (MDC): a country that has gone through the industrialization phase and has most of its economy produced in the tertiary sector
Less-developed country (LDC): a country that has a lot of its economy coming from the primary and secondary sectors
Human Development Index: measures income, life expectancy, and education levels with 1 number - closer to 1, more developed (vice versa with 0)
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of all goods and services produced in an area over the period of one year
GPD = C + I + G + NX
C = consumer spending
I = business spending
G = government spending
NX = exports minus imports
GDP per capita: a country's GDP divided by its population
Globalization: a process where companies use foreign countries to produce their goods for low prices
Pros
Geographic causes of inequality
Cons
buyers get goods for lower prices
Poorer countries are usually around the equator because diseases are easily spread. It is also hard to industrialize with large jungles in the way. Resources are usually exploited because there are lots of abundant resources around the equator. Governments will take advantage of the countries because they never have had a chance to industrialize and modernize so they may corrupt.
people in those countries get jobs and make money
bad pay for workers
bad working conditions for workers
buyers supporting low pay and bad working conditions