PIB 9 Geography Final Review

Demography

The study of patterns in human populations

Rate of Natural Increase / Growth Rate: the relationship between the number of people being born and the number dying in a given population

Birth Rate: the average number of live births per 1000 of population per year

Death Rate: the average number of deaths per 1000 of population per year

Life Expectancy: the average time that a person lives

Subsistence Economy: a family produces most of its own food, clothing, and shelter (generally many children to do work is recommended)

Population Density: the number of people that live in a measurable area

Total Fertility Rate: the average number of children a women has in her life

Demographic Transition Model: a tool the demographers use to predict changes in birth, death, and natural increase rates as countries transition or "mature" from less developed to a higher developed country.

Infant Mortality Rate: the number of deaths per 1,000 live births of children under one year of age.

Stage 1: Low growth stage

High birth rates

Stage 2: High growth stage

High birth rates

parents have more children because less survive

Many children are needed to work the land

some religious beliefs and traditions encourage bigger families

High death rates

disease, famine, poor diet, poor hygiene, little medical knowledge

Low population due to high death rate

same as stage 1

Falling death rates

improved medical care

increasing population - less babies dying giant population increase

improved sanitation and water supply

improved food production in terms of quality and quantity

improved transportation

decreased child mortality

Stage 3: Moderate growth stage

Falling birth rates

Stage 4: Low growth stage

family planning (contraceptives, sterilization, etc.)

lower child mortality

increased industrialization and urbanization - more opportunities for women

Low death rates

same as stage 2

Low birth rates

fertility rates plunge to replacement level (2 children per)

Low death rates

same as stage 3

Population pyramids: a chart depicting the number of people in a population with different age groups

Slow/stable growth: this is when the country is in a mid-development stage and the growth is settling around the recommended number of 2 children per women

Rapid growth: this is when the country is in a high development stage and the death rate and child mortality rate is high, making the parents want to have more and more kids.

Negative/declining growth: This is when the country has more older age or post working age people than those that are being born.

Dependency ratio: The number of working age people compared to the dependents (0-14 & 65+)

Total dependency ratio: (# or % of pop. 0-14 + 65+) / (# or % of pop. 15-64) x 100

Elderly DR: (# or % of pop. 65+) / (# or % of pop. 15-64) x 100

Youth DR: (# or % of pop. 0-14) / (# or % of pop. 15-64) x 100

Geopolitics: when geographic land forms (man made and natural) have political meaning or strike up political controversy

Push/pull factors: factors that lead to immigration

Push: Factors that push people out of a country

Pull: factors that pull people into a country

Sovereignty: supreme power or authority

A country has complete sovereignty over the territorial waters

Refugee: someone who is fleeing their home country due to violence, war, persecution, or natural disaster

Asylum: the protection granted by a country to someone fleeing their country as a political refugee

Ethno-nationalism: a nation based off of ethnic beliefs such as religion or tribal regions

Geography

Human geography: the study of various aspects of human life that create the distinctive landscapes and religions of the world

Political and Economic Geography

Physical geography: the study of Earth's physical processes

Location

Absolute location: exact spot, coordinates

Relative location: relative spot to something

Latitude: the distance (degrees) north or south of the equator

Longitude: the distance (degrees) east or west of the meridian

GDP (Gross Domestic Product): the total value of all goods and services produced in a location over the period of one year

GIS (Geographic Information Systems): a framework for gathering, managing, and analyzing data.

Map projections and distortion: to fit a spherical globe onto a flat map, you have to distort it somehow to fit all of the world on it.

Mercator: shows direction but distorts size

Eckert IV: shows size but distorts shape

Goode's Homolosine: show continents but distorts oceans

climate/weather ; themes of geography

Climate: weather patterns over time

Weather: what the general condition of the atmosphere is at a given time

5 factors that affect climate

latitude

elevation

ocean currents

Orographic effect

large bodies of water

Climographs: a graph that plots the monthly average precipitation and temperature for a given location for that year

Themes of geography

Location: where is it?

absolute location

relative location

Place: What is it like when you get there?

mountains, liberal, educated, etc.

Movement

Human-Environmental Interaction

how the people interact with the environment around them

Region

Formal: is it a measurable characteristic, an official region

Functional: defined by a system of interactions, center of connections to outside places

Perceptual: defined by people's feelings and attitudes about the area, can change over time, can be bias

the movement of culture, ideas and people from one place to another

Political

Economic

types of boundaries

The economy: a system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular region

Geometric: straight line boundaries that do not follow physical features

Physical/natural: boundaries based off of physical features

Ocean: The UNCLOS treaty

UNCLOS treaty: the UN Convention on the Law Of the Seas

Territorial waters: coastal states have complete sovereignty up to 12 miles from shore

Contiguous zone: a band of water extending from the edge of territorial waters up to 24 miles from shore - they can control immigration, drugs, sanitary laws, etc.

Exclusive economic zone: a coastal state can claim up to 200 miles of territory beyond its shoreline - all resources is theirs (fish oil, etc.)

International waters: outside of 200 miles is considered to be owned by everyone

Median line principle: divides water up evenly between 2 countries

Territorial morphology

Compact state: the distance from the center to any boundary is about the same

Prorupted state: a fairly compact state with a large projecting extension

Perforated state: a state that completely surrounds another state

Elongated state: a long, thin state

Fragmented state: a state that is separated by a physical or human barrier. - state with islands

Enclave state: a state that is completely surrounded by another state

Exclave state: a part of national territory separated from the main body of the country to which it belongs

Industrialization: the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale

Primary sector: economic activities involve harvesting raw materials

Secondary sector: activities that involve turning raw materials into finished products of greater value - manufacturing

Tertiary sector:activities that involve distributing materials and goods - performing a service

More

type of country

More-developed country (MDC): a country that has gone through the industrialization phase and has most of its economy produced in the tertiary sector

Less-developed country (LDC): a country that has a lot of its economy coming from the primary and secondary sectors

Human Development Index: measures income, life expectancy, and education levels with 1 number - closer to 1, more developed (vice versa with 0)

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the total value of all goods and services produced in an area over the period of one year

GPD = C + I + G + NX

C = consumer spending

I = business spending

G = government spending

NX = exports minus imports

GDP per capita: a country's GDP divided by its population

Globalization: a process where companies use foreign countries to produce their goods for low prices

Pros

Geographic causes of inequality

Cons

buyers get goods for lower prices

Poorer countries are usually around the equator because diseases are easily spread. It is also hard to industrialize with large jungles in the way. Resources are usually exploited because there are lots of abundant resources around the equator. Governments will take advantage of the countries because they never have had a chance to industrialize and modernize so they may corrupt.

people in those countries get jobs and make money

bad pay for workers

bad working conditions for workers

buyers supporting low pay and bad working conditions