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Geography final study terms: (Human geography: study of various aspects of…
Geography final study terms:
Human geography: study of various aspects of human life that create the distinctive landscaping and regions of the world
Demography: study of patterns in human populations
population patterns
Measurements
Dependency Ratio: how burdened a country is because of its you and old people
Population Pyramids (slow/stable growth, rapid growth, negative/declining growth): shows the population in relation to age and gender
Demographic Transition Model (stages 1-4): Stages of a (growing) country
Infant mortality rate: number of deaths per 1000 infants
Total fertility rate: the number of children born per 1000 women
Subsistence economy: produces most of the materials just to survive
Life expectancy: the average number of years an individual is expected to live in an area
Death rate: number of people who die in a particular area
Birth rate: number of live births per thousand of population per year
Rate of Natural Increase (aka growth rate): relationship btwn birth rate and the number ding in a given population without regard to the effect of migration
Population density: number of people per area
Ethnonationalism: country is defined by ethnicity rather than physical borders
Economy: a system of production, consumption, and distribution of goods and services in a particular geographic region
Industrialization: development of industries in country or state on a wide scale
Primary sector: harvesting raw materials
Secondary sector: turning raw materials into finished products of greater value
Tertiary sector: activities that involve distributing goods/materials, activities that involve performing a service
More Developed Countries (MDC)
Less Developed Countries (LDC)
Measurments
GDP(gross domestic product): total value of all goods and services produced in an area over the period of one year
GDP per capita: a country's GDP
Calculating: C(onsumer spending) + I(Business spending) + G(overnment spending) + NX(exports minus imports)
Globalization
Pros
countries able to advance
spread of many ideas/info
technogy able to be spread
higher life expectancy
can help poorer countries develop
Cons
lots of harmful emmisions
in LDC, very low wages and dangerous working conditions to collect material for the MDC
can prevent poorer countries from developing
disease travels faster
many complicated conflicts
Graphic causes of inequality
amount of natural resources
landscape
rough rivers
ability of land to sustain crops/tropical climate
if animals are domesticable
size of country
deserts
being very much surrounded by ocean causing isolation
Physical geography: study of earth's physical process
Five themes of geography
Location: a specific place
Absolute location: exact longitude/latitude of a place or an adress
longitude: lines east to west that are parallel to the prime meridian
GPS: Global positioning system that shows the absolute location of something
GIS: Geographic information system, which are maps with data on them
Map projections and disorientation: putting the globe on a 2D surface. this causes something on the map to be changed like the country size or/and change in map shape.
Latitude: lines north to south around globe that are parallel to the equator
Relative location: general area of a place, N, S, W, E
Place: Place is the unique combination of physical and cultural attributes that give each location on the earth its individuality
Movement: movement occurring in a space
Region: spatial units that share some characteristics
types of states
Compact: distance from the center to any boundary is about the same
prorupted: otherwise fairly compact with a large projecting extension
perforated: state that completely surrounds another
elongated: long state
fragmented: state that's separated by a physical or human barriar
enclave: completely surrounded by body of water/other state
exclave: part of country separated from main body
Geopolitics: politics, especially international relations, influenced by geographical factors
UNCLOS treaty: for country water boundaries
Exclusive economic zone: state can claim up to 200 mi for resources.
territorial waters: countries have complete control up to 12 mi
Contiguous zone: 12-24 mi, countries have limited control to prevent or punish
International waters: outside of 200 mi, owned by everybody
Median-line principle: if country's territories overlap, then the middle of distance btwn the two countries is the boundary
Types of boundaries
ocean
geometric: human "drawn"
physical/natural: boundaries that are made by nature, ex: rivers, mountain ranges, etc
Lilian Ma