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Placemaking Processes (Success: Barcelona (History (19th cent. ind.…

- - - - Cramped + densely popualted housing = poor health
      - Growth spread to countryside
      - Centre for culture
    - - Centre for Republican opposition
      - Cataln suppression
      - Vibrant image destroyed - poor + run-down
  - - - Major moment in rebrnading
      - Athlete's village located on waterfront
      - Main stadium inland
      - = widespread development + renovation of run-down areas e.g. harbour + beaches
      - Riverpark created alognside business + media parks + international conference centre
      - Was a 'one city' exercise
        
        Offered something to all residents
        
        United city around a public project
        
        Helped reassert Catalan pride + identity
    - - Strengthening city's self-belief + confidence
      - Flagship location - development of club's stadium into one of the greatest sporting venues globally
  - - - Tree-lined boulevard
      - Attracts locals + tourists to its shops, galleries, restaurants + bars
  - - - Services
      - Innovation
      - Knowledge economy
      - Entrepreneurship
    - - Sustainability + adapting to climate change e.g. managing water supply
      - Forced itself to be seen as an area of 21st cent. business innvoation
    - - To establish itself as leading centre of mobile technologies
  - - - Major rebranding exercise
      - Was one of the most densely-populated areas globally
      - Many industries based there e.g. textiles
      - Raval district is in the inner city
      - Blocks housing workers were mixed in with polluting industries
      - Area closest to port is where immigrants settled
        
        Cheap lodgings in the run-down tennents
        
        Easy access to informal employment
        
        Rep. for illicit activities
    - - Nature of rebranding has differed between northern + southern regions in Raval
      - North - flagship cultural buildings with international reps.
        
        Private uni
        
        Galleries, bars + HQ food shops
        
        Gentrification - high socio-economic status people moved in
      - South - overcrowded residential areas, derelict factories + deprived inhabitants
        
        1995 - sig. physical regeneration
        
        1700 residential + commercial buildings demolished for tree-lined pedestrian space
        
        Space is free of street furniture = use for markets + festivals
        
        New housing fro those displaced by the scheme
        
        Student accommodation occupies refurbished buildings
        
        Cost €5 million - 80% from EU funding
    - - In-migration of wealthy residents
        
        = social tension
        
        = diff. perspectives on how are should be managed
      - Wealthy tourists make poor residents feel excluded fromt he new facilities
      - Property speculation has raised prices
      - Long-standing residents pressured to leave so landlords can cash-in
      - Protest graffiti
- - - - 60-80% of all data now includes a location component
      - Shows govs. release the importance of geography
    - - Engage with foreign countries
      - Trade links supported
      - Military cooperation organised
      - British Council
        
        Promotes educational + cultural links abroad
  - - - Increased greatly since 80s
      - Over 60% of investments are in other ACs
      - TNCs originating from LIDCs + EDCs have an increased presence regionally + globally
        
        Tata (Indian-based TNC) owns Lnad Rover
    - - Opened a new m.f. plant in NE England
      - Plant represents a £85 million FDI flow from Japan into UK
      - Japanese TNCs have invested heavily in new car assembly parts in UK since 80s
      - FDI = many parts m.fs relocating from Japan to UK
      - Need for investment
        
        Help raise economic status of places undergoing major structural change + loss of traditional industries
      - Why UK?
        
        Japanese TNCs were exempt from import tariffs on cars exported to mainland Europe
        
        English land. - preferred foreign for Japanese business people
        
        British gov. awarded a £5.7 billion contract to Hitachi to design + build the next generation of inner-city express trains for UK
      - Newton Aycliffe
        
        Prev. experienced sig. employment losses
        
        Railway engineering has strong connections with NE region
        
        =700 new jobs
        
        Multiplier effect = another 6000 jobs in its supply chain
  - - - Develop a local plan for area - both ind. + residential
      - Sets the framework for new buildings + land uses
    - - 50s-80s = growing pop. + insufficient housing
      - Much of inner city housing stock in urban areas was destroyed in WW2
      - Housing crisis = design of cheap, system-built housing
      - Many tower blocks demolished since 80s
      - 24-hour city
        
        Common in EDCs + LIDCs
        
        Expansion of night-time services
        
        Causes
        
        Increased pop. + high proportion of young professionals
        
        Growth of international tourism - night-time tourist attractions
        
        People working night shifts
        
        1/2 people using London night services are commuting to + from work
        
        Rebranding of 24-hour cities challenges perceptions of night being dangerous
- - - - Image depends on how people perceive place
      - Place's brand = pop. image it has acquired + is generally recognised
        
        Objective perceptions e.g. location
        
        Subjective perceptions e.g. atmosphere, safety
      - Places with neg. brand need rebranding
      - Places compete nationally + international for investment in this globalised world
        
        Investment can be from:
        
        Private sector e.g. TNCs
        
        Public sector e.g. gov. body, transnational govs.
    - - Brand atrefact
        
        Physical environment
        
        Indv. buildings
        
        Cityscape
        
        Rural features
        
        Evidence of former ind.
        
        Create a new environment, reuse existing environment, remove old environment
      - Brand essence
        
        People's experiences of the place
        
        Living there
        
        Working there
        
        Visiting
        
        Talking about the place
      - Brandscape
        
        How a place positions itself in relation to other competitors
        
        Local
        
        Regional
        
        National
        
        International
    - - Several identities = difficult to chose what element to promote
      - Existing identities can be reworked or new ones created
      - Places offer diff. experiences to diff. people
      - Problem
        
        Avoid alientating groups
        
        Contestation
  - - - Private investors aiming to make profit
      - Property developers, , builders, business owners
      - e.g. Gentrification
    - - Large-scale orgs.
      - Local authorities - esp. their planning departments
      - Development agencies
      - Private investors
      - e.g. former dockland areas
    - - Large-scale, one-off property projects
      - Distinctive architecture
      - = catalysts for further investment + regeneration
    - - Following international events that brought investment to a place
      - e.g. London Olympics
    - - Major festivals
      - European Capital of Culture - Liverpool, 2008
      - = catalysts for cultural development + transformation of city
    - - Reinforces a certain heritage look
      - Promotes places as modern + forward-thinking
      - Affects how people uses a place + thus changes its image
  - - - Those involved in funding
      - Govs. + directly-funded orgs.
        
        Tourist boards + planning departments
      - Corporate bodies
        
        Banks + insurance companoes
        
        Carry out physical devleopments as well as funding
        
        Investing in + building large shopping malls
        
        = LT regular flows of income for pension providers
    - - Bodies responsible for the arts
      - National Trust
      - Local community groups e.g. resident's association
      - Evoke and/or affected by change
  - - - Gentrification
      - SE cahgne as wealthier people move into neighbourhood
      - Their larger disposable incomes = changes in services available
      - Newsagents, corner shops etc. dispalced by restaurants + specialist shops
      - Rising property prices = poorer residents move out
    - - Some players benefit more than the others
    - - Development agencies may have different priorities from local residents