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NA factors (NA's themselves ("red power" drew attention to…
NA factors
NA's themselves
The proposal of a separate tribal state (Sequoyah) by five tribes at the Muskogee convention in 1907 was rejected by the fed govt
The Militant National Indian Youth Council (1961) used "fish-ins" to protest state efforts to abolish indian fishing rights guaranteed by federal treaties
American Indian Movement (1968) monitored the police int he cities, aiming to cause a decline in the arrest and imprisonment of young NA's - S
The Native American Rights fund (1970) fought voting rights through the courts and trained young NA's as attorneys it also worked through the courts to challenge unequal education
In 1964, hundreds of NA's gathered in Washington to support LBJ's "war on poverty"
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HOWEVER...
- tribal rivalries meant they were not united - highlighted in the Plains Wars, when tribes fought against each other as well as the government.
- The Society of American Indians, founded 1911, to promote unity among NA’s lacked the funds and the mass support.
- some liked the policy of assimilation and Americanisation giving them a 'white mans education'
- NA's themselves were powerless to make much change
Powerless:
- 150 million acres of reservation land in 1887 was reduced to 78 million acres by 1900 reduced to only 50 million by 1930's
Whites
Support
The American Indian Defence Association (1923 by John Collier) was successful in blocking the Leavitt Bill (dance order) in 1926 which would have prohibited the Pueblo NA's of New Mexico from performing some of their traditional ritual dances
Social scientists and anthropologists began to become interested in preserving traditions, beliefs and culture of NA's
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Indian Commissioner Charles Rhoads (appointed in 1929) and Commissioner for Indian Affairs John Collier (appointed in 1933) improved Native education to a small extent, but it was still not to an acceptable standard
Between 1970 and 1990, the percentage of Natives who graduated high school increased from 16.7% to 54%
In 1970, the average Native American had just five years of schooling and Natives had the highest illiteracy rates in the US
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States
Preventing NA's from voting using grandfather clauses, poll taxes, literacy taxes and property requirements
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