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Resolving Intergroup Conflict & Reducing Prejudice (Jigsaw Classroom…
Resolving Intergroup Conflict & Reducing Prejudice
Contact Hypothesis (Allport)
Sherif's Robber's Cave Study
Sheer contact --> ends conflict
Activities usually segregated = failed -->
introduced shared roles
New
over-arching goals
= only way to succeed was to work together
Negative interdependence --> positive
Now friendships
across groups
but majority still in own groups - reduced not gone
Other examples of 'sheer contact'
Stroebe:
Studying abroad --> more strongly held, negative stereotypes - tended to seek out others from same nationality
Trew:
Intergroup attitudes are no more positive in mixed schools - Catholic/ Protestant school in NI
Mixed but
did NOT
change deep seated attitudes
Need to satisfy the 3 core criteria to reduce prejudice - give them shared goals to work together:
Equal Status
Common Goals
Social & Institutional Support
Meta-Analysis (Pettigrew & Tropp)
Conclusion - there IS evidence for prejudice reduction after contact
De-segregation
Brewer & Miller
Black & white students suddenly together - B's performed poorer (less resources)
Children bonded on
ability
- B's in middle/low --> resegregation - playtime B's = basketball, W's = baseball - not enough opportunities to mix
B's = pressure to perform as well as W's
Brown's Criticisms of de-segregation
Can't determine how desegregation unfolds in USA
Micro-world in school - knew they'd go home to ethnically segregated neighbourhoods - prejudice = ingrained
A 'no difference' approach is stressed too much - we ARE all different = good to be individuals
Jigsaw Classroom (Aronson)
Give groups different tasks (no competition) and shared goal --> work together
Change behaviour --> attitudes will follow
Your success depends on success of others in group - jigsaw pieces
Evaluation
Small effects & can go wrong (especially when shared goals are
not achieved)
Meta-analysis: co-operative learning can work if no intergroup competition
Cook
Every one had equal status, out group not like stereotypes - categories turned off
Criticisms of Contact Hypothesis
Prejudice = intergroup phenomenon - couldn't survive without it
South African miners - no segregation in mines, get out --> segregated again
Re-categorisation Approach
Also known as the
common in-group identity model
Lower salience of old social identities
Higher salience of higher-level identities
Dual-Identity
Social identities = salient, promotes distinct but complementary roles - see positive evaluated outgroup members as typical - no sub-typing e.g. Mo Farah
More positive attitudes when roles were complementary - separate social identities
Integration
-Pettigrew
Integrate
decategorisation, dual identity & recategorisation
Media
Jaspal & Cinnirella:
Media portrays muslims as 'the other'
Muslim religiosity nearly always only mentioned in 'bad news' terms
Lack of positive muslim role models in media