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AA's - FEDERAL GOVT (CONGRESS - HELP (Emancipation proclamation 1863…
AA's - FEDERAL GOVT
SC - HELP
Griggs V Duke Power (1971) allowed affirmative action in employment - E #
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Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971) ruled that bussing was constitutional #
PRESIDENT - HELP
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Nixon
Affirmative action - E/S
By 1968 affirmative action had increased African Americans in the construction industry from 1% to 12%
However...
The 1992 African American unemployment rate was nearly twice the national average (142% compared to 78%) - could be due to white citizen councils boycotts
LBJ (1963-69)
'Great Society' in 1960's helped some poor inner-city AA's - this did not help all AA's and was damaged by Vietnam war - E
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Where Kennedy dreamed Johnson achieved #
Truman
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set up the higher education commission in 1947 which aimed to end discrimination at colleges and uni's - S
FJK
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‘New Frontier’ speech set out, among other things, JFK’s pledge to tackle poverty, ignorance and prejudice - S
EXECUTIVE ORDER MARCH 1961 - JFK created PCEEDO (President’s Committee on Equal Employment Opportunities) - E
Aimed to prevent discrimination for those doing business with federal govt. - start of positive discrimination as places were set aside for AA’s in companies wanting government contracts
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Was preparing new CR bill when assassinated in Nov 1963, but it was only modest (to assist desegregation in schools and aid AA Voting rights)
Ford
Appointed the first AA transport secretary, William Thaddeus Coleman Jr in 1975
PRESIDENT - HINDER
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Truman's urban renewal programme in late 1940's led to more AA's being homeless
- 7000 apartments torn down in NY but only 4400 new ones
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In 1990 Bush vetoed a Civil Rights Bill which could have made it easier to challenge job discrimination
JFK
He needed black, but more importantly Southern Democrat votes - illustrating it was a complex issue
JFK was worried the SS were not maintaining effective law and order, but if they did then he would not be able to interfere
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JFK did not have the full support of Congress behind him - hindering his ability to pass legislation
CONGRESS - HELP
Freedman's bureau (until 1972) gave aid in employment/education matters, but limited impact - E/S
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13th, 14th and 15th A
15th A = not de facto
- It was estimated that of the 181,000 African American males of voting age in Alabama in 1900 only 3,000 were registered to vote
- In 1947, only 12% of African Americans were registered to vote
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