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THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROYAL TOMBS (3: MIDDLE KINGDOM AND 2ND INTERMEDIATE…
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROYAL TOMBS
1: EARLY DYNASTIES
the tombs were located close to the cliffs at the cult site of OSIRIS,
ABYDOS
they compromised of subterranean burial chambers surrounded by storage rooms of offerings
sometimes had subsidiary graves for the king's servants
2: OLD KINGDOM AND 1ST INTERMEDIATE
DJOSER'S
burial marked a major change in royal burials
he had the
STEP PYRAMID
built, which was seen as a "stairway to heaven for the king's spirit"
the body was buried beneath the pyramid however
the three pyramids of
GIZA
were built during the 4th dynasty, but these had smooth sides, rather than stepped
still had pyramids tombs, but these were smaller and of inferior construction
not many survived due to the political upheaval and turmoil of this period
3: MIDDLE KINGDOM AND 2ND INTERMEDIATE
during this time, there was the reunification of Egypt which led to the construction of Thebes as the new capital
this was a highly individual monument of ambitious design
developed to have a stone platform supporting a divine booth, surrounding a "primeval mound"
a passage from the back of the monument led to the burial chamber which was located under the cliffs
however, some kings constructed small pyramids, which were similar to the 1st intermediate pyramids, in that they were inferior in construction but had no inscriptions
not many tombs from this time have been found
however, the kings may have been buried in the
CANAANITE
style
the last of the kings however, were buried with small pyramid-superstructures, which had burial chambers and pillared halls and a court
4: NEW KINGDOM
buried in cliff-cut tombs in the
VALLEY OF THE KINGS
tombs consisted of rock-cut passages and chambers
a naturally-formed pyramid may have been regarded as a collective super-structure for all the tombs, rather than having one each
VALLEY OF THE KINGS
flooded regularly, so the tombs were hard to reach
the mortuary temples were located on the other side of the cliffs
the rock-cut tombs and passages were believed to replicate the journey the deceased were going to take in the underworld
this period gives the most information for tombs, mummification, and funerary beliefs, but during the
AMARNA
period, there is a lack of information because of the religious and political upheaval and the move of the capital
5: PROVISIONING THE DEAD
food and drink, which was also provided through models and pictures, which would then become the real thing through magic spells from the Book of the Dead
figurines which were often of servants who would "come to life" to serve the deceased in the afterlife
model boats were also placed in the tombs because of the importance of transport and travel to the Egyptians (also seen in the existence of the
BA
as a bird statuette
clothing was needed and provided by the family of the deceased
furniture was sometimes placed in the tombs, as fragments of chairs and beds have been found from later periods
cosmetics were provided in both male and female tombs in order to look their best in the afterlife when they reach the gods
6: DEVELOPMENT OF ARTWORK
the artwork developed to show the idealized afterlife for the person being buried (e.g. abundance in farming, plentiful water, flowers growing)
included spells from the Book of the Dead to ensure a fruitful afterlife, and rituals that happened during mummification (although this is sparse)
can include pictures of food, drink, servants, etc. to help provision the deceased in the afterlife which would have been brought into being through a spell from the Book of the Dead
3RD INTERMEDIATE
the
VALLEY OF THE KINGS
was abandoned
they chose to be buried at
TANIS
, the main cult site of
Amun
the tombs were subterranean burial chambers with cult chapels which were later destroyed