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Costs of migratory decisions (Flack et.al. 2016) (Introduction (movement…
Costs of migratory decisions (Flack et.al. 2016)
Abstract:
Juvenile differ in geographically wintering locations
winter in higher human population reduced overll energy
diverse migration patterns
affected energy
Introduction
movement mechanism: link energy and survival
external environment
internal state: physiological basis of life history, energy
technology available
white stork as model species
suitable for study migration decisions because wide range
soaring bird, long distance, minimal energy
Compared migratory behavior+ environmental conditions
time
routes + length
destinations
Results
migratory behavior (time, routes, lengths, destination) varied
initiation date differ and unrelated to maximum distance reach (only stork survived 5 months)
Eastern flyway distance longer
Overall energy:ODBA
not cross 33°N (NAfrica)
cross Sahara (Sub-Africa): longest distant 3.4 times of NAfrica, but ODBA only 1.3 times
Uzbek (resident) : maximum distance short, but accumulated distance similar to NAfrica. But ODBA close to Sub-Africa
Flight and stopover energy
flight: influenced by location and uplift
stop day:if flying spend more engery (non-sub-africa), move less
Human density ↑ movement activity ↓
NDVI ↓ movement activity ↓
Discussion
migration behavior differ lead energy differ
traveling through EU was more energy demanding (flying in Africa deduce 15% for locomotion). But not means overall energy saving due to thermo- and hydro regulation may costly
decreased flight cost in Sub-Africa could also because of: learning, social cue
lifetime movement cost of juvenile migrants
decision to migrate
distance moved
final destination
Eastern more traditional
Western: increasing number in Iberian, landfill
may result in higher survival and fitness
may leading rapid micro evolutionary changes in migratory patterns
departure date(not cost)
not important to determine the destination
more related to meteorological condition to cross barriers
Shorten migratory distance in response to anthropocentric environmental changes
Hypothesize: supplementary feeding in Uzbek