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EXAM REVISION (Chemistry (Provided Resources (Chemistry syllabus),…

- - - - Have cell walls of CHITIN
      - Reproduce with SPORES
      - SAPROTROPHS - get nutrients from dead or decaying organic matter
      - Are either MULTICELLULAR or SINGLE CELLULAR
      - external digestion - secretes ENZYMES to digest food, and then absorb the smaller molecules.
      - Most are SAPROTROPHS, some are PARASITES
      - Mushrooms are their FRUITING BODIES
      - Grow a MYCELIUM which is a network of HYPHAE
      - Single celled Fungi are called YEAST and reproduce asexually by BUDDING
    - - Are MULTICELLUR
      - No cell wall
      - HETEROTROPHS - depend on consuming other organisms
      - Internal digestion
      - More extensive movement
      - Nervous system
      - Storage carbohydrate - GLYCOGEN
    - - EUKARYOTES that don't fit into the other Eukaryotic kingdoms
      - Unlike other kingdoms, they don't all evolve from one relatively recent, common ancestor
    - - We refer to VIRUS PARTICLES not virus cells
      - PARASITES
      - LIFECYCLE
        
        A virus particle gains entry to an organism, such as via infected semen or blood in the case
        of HIV or through droplets containing the ‘flu virus when someone sneezes.
        
        The virus particle binds to the cell surface membrane of a host cell. The proteins that stick out from surface of the virus particle often help the virus to make contact with the correct cell that it will infect. This is why one type of virus will often infect only one or a few specific species, or even specific cell types within that organism.
        
        The virus penetrates the HOST CELL and the genetic material is released into the host cell
        cytoplasm.
        
        The genetic material is used by the host cell to manufacture new virus proteins – in effect the host cell’s machinery has been hijacked by the virus. More copies of the virus genetic material are made by the host cell.
        
        New virus particles are assembled in the cytoplasm – thousands of them which are often tightly packed within the cell.
        
        The host cell bursts open, releasing the newly-made virus particles which can then go on to infect further cells. Some viruses bud off from the host cell, taking some of the host cell’s surface membrane with them.
    - - Have no TRUE NUCLEUS
      - Have no membrane-bound organelles
    - - Are MULTICELLULAR
      - AUTOTROPHS - get nutrients from photosynthesis
      - Have a cell wall of CELLULOSE
      - Store energy in the form of STARCH
    - - Features
        
        (Some) have a CAPSULE which is a layer of protective slime round the cell
        
        (Some) have a FLAGELLUM to move in a random direction
        
        Have a CYSTOPLASM, containing mostly water where most important chemical reactions take place
        
        Have a cell wall of PEPTIDOGLYCAN
        
        Have PLASMIDS, a small, extra loop of DNA
        
        Have a CELL MEMBRANE made of lipids. It is selectively/partially permeable
        
        DNA in a circular loop
      - Aseptic Technique
        
        Label everything clearly
        
        Keep Petri dishes closed
        
        Sterilise all equipment and work surfaces
        
        Work near a Bunsen flame to create an updraft preventing airborne bacteria contamination
        
        Wear safety glasses
        
        Wash hands before and after
        
        Keep bacteria at 30°C to prevent spread of human pathogens
      - Bacterial Growth
        
        A suitable temperature
        
        Water
        
        Nutrients
        
        Mineral Ions
        
        Oxygen (if respire aerobically)
  - - - Waxy cuticle - keeps water in
      - Upper epidermis - provides protection
      - Palisade layer - sight of most photosynthesis
      - Spongy mesophyll - allows the evaporation and exchange of gases
      - Lower epidermis spotted with stomata - allow exchange of gases at periodical times of the day
      - Lower epidermis
    - - XYLEM - Transports WATER and MINERAL IONS. These are on the INSIDE
      - PHLOEM - Transports DISSOLVED AMINO ACIDS and SUGARS like SUCROSE
  - - - types of pollination
        
        Self Pollination
        
        Cross pollination
        
        Pollen is transferred from one plant to another plant of the same species
        
        Insect Pollinated
        
        STAMENS within flower so insects must make contact
        
        STIGMA enclosed within flower so that insect must make contact
        
        STIGMA must be sticky so pollen grains attach from insects
        
        PETALS must be large and brightly coloured to attract insects.
        
        NECTARIES are present as a reward for insects
        
        Larger pollen grains are sticky to stick to insect bodies.
        
        Wind Pollinated
        
        STAMENS exposed so wind can blow pollen away
        
        No need for petals
        
        The stamens/stigma have LARGE SURFACE AREA, in order that the pollen is picked up by the wind easier
    - - Male
        
        Anther
        
        Filaments
      - Petals
      - Sepals
      - Female
        
        Pistil
        
        Where many CARPELS (female structures) are fused together
        
        Style
        
        The tube that connects the stigma with the ovary
        
        Ovule
        
        Female gametes are held in this area
        
        Ovary
        
        This is where the ovules are kept and protected until it is time to germinate.
        
        Stigma
        
        Where the pollen is caught.
    - - Seed
        
        Seed contains a plant embryo and a food store
        
        They have a low water content - 5-15% Water so they can stay dormant
        
        Food store is in the endosperm or cotyledons
        
        Some seeds have only one cotyledon, so they are monocotyledons
        
        Some have two, so they are duocotyledons
        
        The Fruit leaving the flower is called DISPERSAL
      - Triggers
      - Germinating.
- - - - Charge Carriers
      - Movement by friction
      - Opposites Attract
      - Like states attract
    - - Current #
        
        Only Moves around a complete circuit
        
        Only moves from negative to positive terminals on a battery
        
        But Conventional current runs the other way, from negative to positive #
        
        Is the same at all points on a circuit which does not have junctions
        
        On circuits with junctions the sum of the 2 split lines adds up to the original current
        
        Is measured in Amps, which are coulombs of charge per second. 1 coulombs is 6.242×10^16 electrons
      - Circuit Diagrams
        
        Must be drawn with rulers
        
        Must be neat
        
        Must include battery voltage if applicable
        
        All components which must face a certain way must be based on conventional current
        
        Therefore the arrow on a diode must point from negative to positive
      - Voltage
        
        Goes from positive to negative
        
        This is conventional current again. It is actually wrong but must be followed for accurate circuit diagrams
        
        So if there was a 5v potential difference 1 terminal of the battery (positive) would be viewed as 5V, and one as 0V, but it is really moving from negative to positive
        
        V=IR
        
        1V means that per coulon of charge that goes around the
        
        Is measured in volts: 1V means that per coulomb of charge 1 joule of energy goes through the circuit
        
        Voltage is always the same per circuit loop
      - Power = Current*Voltage
  - - - Pressure = F/A
    - - Mass is not weight
    - - Density = Mass/Size
- - - - Future tense
        
        The Future Tense takes the verb WERDEN as an auxiliary.
        Ich werde
        Du wirst
        Er wird
        Wir werden
        Ihr werdet
        sie/Sie werden
        The Verb goes to the end of the sentence in the infinitve:
        Ich werde zur Schule gehen
      - Perfect Tense
        
        Regular verbs:
        The verb to have + Past participle
        Past participle takes the infinitive, takes off the 'en' and adds 't' and then adds 'ge' before it:
        Machen - macht - gemacht
        Ich habe gemacht
        
        Verbs of motion:
        'sein' followed by participle
        (also includes verbs of change of state)
      - Verb Vocab
      - Present
        
        IRREGULAR VERBS
      - SIMPLE PAST
        
        Sein:
        Ich war
        Du warst
        er war
        wir waren
        ihr wart
        Sie/sie waren
        
        Haben:
        Ich hatte
        du hattest
        er hatte
        wir hatten
        Ihr hattet
        Sie/sie hatten
        
        Müssen:
        Ich musste
        Du musstest
        er musste
        wir mussten
        ihr musstet
        Sie/sie mussten
        
        Können:
        Ich konnte
        du konntest
        er konnte
        wir konnten
        ihr konntet
        Sie/sie konnten
        
        Dürfen:
        Ich durfte
        du durftest
        er durfte
        wir durften
        ihr durftet
        Sie/sie durften
        
        Wollen:
        Ich wollte
        du wolltest
        er wollte
        wir wollten
        ihr wolltet
        Sie/sie wollten
        
        Sollen:
        Ich sollte
        du solltest
        er sollte
        wir sollten
    - - Definite Plural:
        die,
        die,
        den
      - Definite:
        der, die, das
        den, die, das
        dem, der, dem
      - Indefinite:
        ein, eine, ein
        einen, eine, ein
        einem, einer, einem
    - - Definite articles
        
        e, e, e, en
        en, e, e, en
        en, en, en, en
        en, en, en, en
      - Indefinite articles
        
        er, e, es, en
        en, e, es, en
        en, en, en, en
        en, en, en, en
      - No article
        
        nom: er, e, es, e
        acc: en, e, es, e
        dat: em, er, em, en
- - - - Declensions
        
        4th
        
        5th
        
        3rd
        
        2nd
        
        1st
      - Conjugations
        
        Tenses
    - - CE3
      - CE2
      - Words this year
      - CE1
      - Vocab Aids
        
        Memrise
        
        Quizlet
  - - - Declensions
        
        1st
        
        3rd
        
        2nd
      - Conjugatons
        
        Tenses
        
        Imperfect
        
        Aorist (weak)
        
        Aorist (Strong)
        
        Future
        
        Present
        
        Participles
        
        Present
        
        Aorist (Strong)
        
        Aorist (weak)
- - - - Then Japan just left the league
  - - - Parties
        
        SDP
        
        The left wing party
        
        Ebert
        
        Government was put in place in order to be blamed for the war.
        
        KDP
        
        The communist party
        
        Centre Party
        
        Right wing catholic party
        
        Stresemann, died 1929
      - How they worked
        
        Party based proportional representation
        
        Everybody got a vote
        
        Seats were allocated based on voting percentages
        
        This meant that small parties were much more legitimate, and it was incredibly difficult to win a majority in the Reichstag
        
        This meant that the Reichstag could often not do much and the president had to rule by article 48. (An issue)
        
        This also contributed to the fact that anti-democratic parties ended up doing quite well.
    - - Idea of stab in the back
      - Sadness over losing war