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Trait and social cognitive approaches (Social cognitive approach (Key…
Trait and social cognitive approaches
Idiographic approach. Reduced the list from 180 to 42
Nomothetic approach
Trait theory
Taxonomy of traits
Condenses all possible ways Of describing be behaviour into a number of traits
Taxonomies Of personality traits are built up from the lexical or self report and psychometric message
High factor theories ie. Cattells 16pf
Low factor theories ie Eynsyncks EPQ
Gordon Allport 1897 to 1967
Early trait theorist and described what is known as the lexical method
Cardinal traits
Central traits
Secondary traits
Based on a idiographic approach
Raymond Cattell
Intitially used the lexical approach and then progressed to psychometric approach
Used factor analysis FA
Came up with 16 core personality factors having Reduced the list from 180 to 42
Hans Eysenck
Used FA to identify 2 personality dimensions
Introversion -extraversion
Stability/instability. - Neuroticism
The third model later added was psychoticism
Also developed the biological model
Koster and McRae
5 factor model ( or BIG 5)
Lexical and factor analytic approach
Criticisms of the big five
Lacks a theory of the ethology or development of traits
Lacks a theory of underlying causal processes
Just a framework for personality types That had been encoded in our language
The measure in a questionnaire will affect the final factors identified
Overlooks the person/environment in a relationship
Social cognitive approach
George Kelly (1905 - 1967)
Constructivist approach. Personality theorist
Kelly's 11 corrollaries
Mischel
Learning theory
Palov/Skinner
Conditioning and positive/negative reinforcement
Behaviourist approach - external forces and outward behaviour
But they give no account of conscious cognitive processes (internal forces)
Traits are inconsistent because they interact with situations
Cognitive - about conscious thought processes
Social - accounts for the environment and social world
Looking from the outside but also inside in
Key assumptions of a social-cognitive approach
Identifying & measuring personality traits is overly simplistic.
Thought processes are central to personality (and emotions are too).
Most thought processes are conscious.
Thought processes (and thus personality) develop through cognitive processes and social interaction.
Key assumptions of a social-cognitive approach
Personality structures (person variables) involve expectations, beliefs, behavioural standards, and personal goals.
Consistency in a person across similar situations reflects a ‘behavioural signature’.
No fixed stages of personality development.
‘Personality’ is variable and open to change.
Main methods - self-report questionnaires, experiments, direct observation.
Albert Bandura
Social Cognitive Personality Theorist
Reciprocal determinism
Social Learning Theory
....approach
Focus on both inner and outer forces on behaviour
Applied to behavioural problems to facilitate positive change
Theory is grounded in the learning theory tradition
Departs from radical behaviourism through asserting that individuals do possess free will rather than being controlled by environmental reinforcements
