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task 5 PFC + goal directed (PFC (from picture 1 C (soooooo, value…
task 5 PFC + goal directed
PFC
vlPFC
--> stimuli + environment info
----> stored until appropriate decision / action executed based on utility (cost vs reward)
--> evidence = delay reaction tasks (modulated by value of reward) (also task 2 :D!!)
----> so stores context specific utility value together with cue and environment info
orbitofrontal (2 subparts)
lateral orbitofrontal
-->
assigning values to stimuli (utility)
-----> lesions = not able to assign values to stimuli anymore), not able to update assigned values if outcome changes (eg piste to negative and vice versa)
--> stimulus + reward association = stored here (conditioning) + updated!!
--> predicts expected rewards based on above learned associations :3 !!
---> basically learns values associated with different outcomes / rewards
------> amygdala mediates it
medial orbitofrontal
#
--->
value expectation
(like ohh i could get this or this )
--> timing of decision making (together with medial PFC)
--> activation = proportional to expected reward (at time of decision making)
MCC
--> action selection (to get reward)
--->
based on:
value comparison (based on mOFC input):!:<---NOT as we see in task 6,it happens in parallel 8 double dissociation!! and they independent of each other
--> activation = proportional to expected reward (at time of decision making)
evidence:
--> neurons here change activity based on outcome of animals action
--> activity required for error correction (updating strategy)
--> combining cost + benefit with different action alternatives and choosing the best one
---> strong projection to motor areas (pre-SMA, supplementary eye fields)
inverse value difference signal
—> More activity here , when both choices = almost equal reward
output of MCC = determines activity in motor system :3 !!
page 949 last right column) BOOOOM ESSENCE of mid part in diagramm (medial orbitofrontal and vmPFC)
—> if it does make decision, it does value comparison and selects the item with the highest value it wants to persue :3 !!
vmPFC
-> also stimulus value
from picture 1 C
soooooo
value comparison = happens in medial orbitofrontal/vmPFC
but then what action is being selected depends on ACC/dmPFC
—> in a way it does a value / utility comparison between multiple action strategies
—> lets say sees banana and pinapple —> banana = assigned higher value my lOFC
——> then mOFC/vmPFC = compares teh values between pinap and banana and is like —> banana :D !!
—> then its on to how to get the banana !! —> this is done in ACC —> maybe bana in first tree hangs much higher than banana in second tree, so you would choose the second tree, because it has less effort to put in to get the same reward :3 !!
cingulate gyrus
above corpus callosoum
--> the curved head / beginning :3 = called genus
ACC
--> in gazzanig = divided in 2 parts
---> last experiment described in gazzaniga ( read it , large focus on it :P ?? )
subgenus part
---> part that curves around the anterior head / genial of corpus callosoum
genus part
--> = above that bend :p ??
anterior = affect
medial = motor / action selection
posterior = 'past' memories
Liking part :D!!
OFC = got updated --> by
amygdala (imporntat for next task :D :!!:
(emotional change / reaction :3!!) (Liked banana less and vanilla more)
task 4
---> schultz article with different figures:
---------> middle graph he's gonna explain online and in response lecture :P!!
Stimulus + action values (rushworth+lee)
--> different brain areas (pathways)
vlPFC
= task rules + maintaining WM (as seen in task 2 :D!!)
lOFC
= stimulus value storage + updating (is what he says in course manual but is also comparison)
vmPFC+mOFC
= stimulus value comparison (lOFC input) + decision/selection of highest value
:!:from task 7 we know vmPFC only active for positive reward :D!!)
MCC
= action values + update
Important!!
--> no spatial seperation in OFC, so lOFC and mOFC = kinda same thing :P !!
Old pathway
lOFC = stimulus value storage + update
mOFC+vmPFC = reward expectation
MCC = value comparison
---> needless to say this wrong lol haha
default mode network (gazzaniga)
vmPFC
= default mode network (part of it)
engaged in self referential processing
ventral ACC /subgenous ACC
=processes positive self referential info (
affective node
)
lOFC
= checks value of pressed self ref info to make sure its accurate
if engaged in anything but self reference / resting = default mode network reduced activity + executive network activity increases
Self referential processing
--> vmPFC activity = high
----> less deactivation of default mode network (negative ERP deflection as compared to thinking about other ppl eg. president)
lOFC + food + amygdala
lOFC
= value update to smell of banana value, after having eaten them to satiety
amygdala
= also decreased activity (mediates activity in lOFC (Task 7 Amygdala :D!!)
Study:
smell banana or vanilla (control not eaten)
l
OFC
= active (shows banana value)
subjective ratings = like banana
had ppl eat bananas until full
l
OFC
= way less active to banana smell (shows less value associated with food / banana, if fully satiated on it :3 !!)
amygdala
= less activity = shows that it mediates value update in lOFC (task 7 amygdala, lesion = less activity in MCC + lOFC (for negative feedback) and less activity in in vmPFC (for reward)
activity in lOFC = reflects value for food, and decreases, once food is eaten until satiety, BUT does not increase to other food smells :3!!
:!!:Default mode network in gazzaniga reader = important !!