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Chapter 6: Nonverbal Communication (Types of Nonverbal Comm. (Body…
Chapter 6:
Nonverbal Communication
Characteristics of Nonverbal Comm.
def. "messages expressed by other than linguistic means"
nonverbal comm. is primarily relational--
nonverbal cues help us manage our ID (easygoing, poised, relaxed, etc)
cues help define relationships (avoiding contact, holding hands, waving, etc)
cues convey emotion (bored, attracted to someone, nervous)
nonverbal comm. = often hard to interpret, different from verbal comm, and nonverbal skills are important for social skills and well-being
Influences on Nonverbal Comm.
Culture
direct eye contact vs gazing
looking @ eyes vs mouth ( 0.o vs :P )
vocal patterns (uptalk vs vocal fry aka ending a sentence in a high pitch vs a low rumble)
Gender
women = generally more nonverbally expressive and better at identifying cues
women "smile more, use more facial expressions, touch more, stand closer to others, use more gestures, make more eye contact, and are more vocally expressive" (161).
social factors have more influence on gender behavior than biology-- men & women are actually very alike
from my experience that is accurate-- my mom is generally much more expressive in her tone and with her emotions than my dad is, however I think that is more about how they were taught societally rather than how they are as people
Functions of
Nonverbal Comm.
Repeating (holding up 2 fingers as you say "two")
Substituting (answering or expressing in cues rather than words, ex. shrugging instead of responding to a question) aka
emblems
(nonv. behaviors with meanings known to all members of a culture)
Complementing, a.k.a.
illustrators
(nonv. behaviors that accompany/support verbal messages)
Accenting (emphasizing a word in a sentence, as italics are used in writing)
Regulating (controlling flow of verbal communication by using cues to regulate each communicator when speaking)
Contradicting (displaying contradicting messages verbally vs nonverbally, aka yelling "I'm not angry!")
Types of Nonverbal Comm.
Body Movements
kinesthetics
(study of body movements, posture, & gestures)
can be used to express ideas in conversation, to fidget, etc
facial expressions & eye contact
Voice
paralanguage (nonlinguistic means of vocal expression)
pitch, tone, rate, etc
Appearance
physical attractiveness, often perceived as preferable
clothing can be seen as more professional, more laid back, etc
Touch
haptics
(study of touch)
supportive vs aggressive touch, etc
Space
proxemics (study of how people and animals use space)
intimate distance (skin contact - 18 in)
personal distance (18 in - 4 ft)
social distance (4 - 12 ft)
public distance (12 ft +)
Environment
home vs a bar
difference in comfortability and setting changes the interactions that occur
Time
chronemics
(how humans use/structure time)
monochronic
(use of time that emphasizes punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time)
polychronic
(use of time that has flexible schedules where multiple tasks are pursued at the same time)
Building Competence
in Nonverbal Comm.
Tune out words
nonv. cues can contradict words, focus on cues
Use perception checking
Pay attention to your own nonverbal behavior
we often think we are hiding our emotions better than we are
Cognitive Questions
I was surprised that time ad appearance counted as types of nonverbal communication, as I as never seen them as communicative before.
Nothing really bothered me, but I would like to know more about how men and women are taught to communicate differently, and why.