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3 BATTLES OF 1066 (HASTINGS (TECHNIQUES (English lack archers - in rush to…

- - - - Likely that archers were a key factor
    - - Rapid changes after Hastings
        
        Wide dispersion and use of crossbows
        
        Use of siege engines in siege warfare
- - - - D and E summarise battles - but brief
      - C version ends after Stamford Bridge
      - D pays most attention to Hastings - 'William the Bastard', Harold fought hard, French won because God wanted to punish the English
      - All different to each other but still v AS - v dif from Norman historians
    - - Source for 11th c armour and weapons
        
        Archers small at bottom - unpopular?
        
        Lots of cavalry
      - English not cowardly or effective
        
        Not hating on Harold in coronation - being acclaimed and supported
      - Limitations
        
        Ignorance to Norman warfare- both sides wearing A-S mail
        
        Good for English
        
        Probably created by AS? - more AS in style - Morillo
        
        Disregards chronology of narrative
        
        Made to look more linear in photographs - Morillo
        
        Ambiguity re:Henry - which figure, how he died
    - - Stresses William's heroism
      - Norman who served under WIlliam - not there for 1066 but knew people who were
        
        Accurate for battle but probably not motivations etc
        
        2x feigned flight
      - Harold as treacherous oathbreaker, William compared to classics
      - Written 1071 - good
  - - - William introduces knight service to England
      - Limitations
        
        Lack of outcry in sources to support thesis
        
        System already present in Europe and Normandy
        
        Abels - long history of military obligation, natural progression
    - - Disagrees with Rounds
      - issues with Rounds' sources e.g. chronological issues with Robert of Wendober's chronicle
  - - - Disagrees with historians who argue not a tactic
      - Disagrees with Lemmon - used by Normans by people present 1066
        
        Byzantiens and Steppe - in France
        
        Knights fought together
    - - Have to retreat at same time, speed, distance and start fighting again together - too hard
      - Impossible to coordinate mid-battle
  - - - Decisive
        
        Henry and any heirs die
      - Long
        
        Link to evenly matched
      - Evenly matched
        
        SImilar societies produce similarly matched armies
        
        Both armies almsot break early
- - - - But not all knights
    - - Wales and Ire dif - more footmen
- - - - CORONATION
        
        Refused to be coronated by Stigand - excommuicated. Need to do hings officially
      - Quickly gets submission of south e.g. Winchester
    - - Recruits Flemings and Bretons
      - Builds and hires ships to get across the channel
      - Would have found out about coronation v shortly after it happened - begin to prepare, deprived of throne
- - - - Tostig sent into exile
      - Brother Edwin supports
      - Harold earl at the time
        
        Harold married to Edwin and Morcar's sister - powerful family
    - - E version - Godwin family version, negative of Morcar and rebels
      - C version takes side of Edwin and Morcar - earldom rises up as one
  - - - battles tend not to involve all forces
      - Risky to wager everything e.g. Tostig
        
        William thought worth it, Harold had to try to stop him