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guidance and feedback (GUIDANCE (VISUAL (This is the most common type of…
guidance and feedback
GUIDANCE
VISUAL
- This is the most common type of guidance when teaching movement skills
- Visual guidance allows the performer to create a picture in their mind manual and mechanical guidance
- With assistance however the feel of being able to performer the skill is present
- Advantages : The performer can create a metal picture easily of what is required. It can enable the skill to be seen in stages. It encourages observational learning
- Disadvantages : The visual guidance could be incorrect. Coach may be inaccurate. The visuals representative may be unclear
MANUAL AND MECHANICAL
- Physical support for the performer by another person or a mechanical device. This is commonly known as physical restriction
- The response of the performer being directed physically by another person
- Can reduce fear
- Allows the learner to grow in confidence
- In the latter stages they will not need support due to confidence growth
Gives ideas of kinasethetic awareness of the motion
- Could give unrealistic feel
- Intrinsic feedback could be incorrect and may result in negative transfer
- Reduction in learners participant
VERBAL
- When a teacher or a student seeks to learn a new skill they need to decided the best way to transmit the knowledge needed for the performer to learn the skill
- Verbal guidance is used to describe the action and explain how to perform the activity
- Advantages : It can be a form of feedback which can be reinforced to perform good movements and can be used to identify erorrs
- It can hold the attention of the performer if used appropriately and can be used to motivate the performer to learn and develop the movement skill
- Disadvantages : It can lead to information overloads and confuse the performer
- The guidance given be inaccurate and the performer may not develop the skills effectively
POSITIVE FEEDBACK
- Involves information that is often via extrinsic and rewards the performer often via praise or positive comments about the performance
- Advantages: Leads to positive reinforcement and therefore enable the correct S-R bonds to be formed. Very motivating, most of all at the cognitive stage. Helps build self-esteem and confidence in performer
- Disadvantages: If undeserved the performer may create inappropriate S-R bonds causing performance to deteriorate
- Some performer do not respond well to praise and may ignore the feedback
FEEDBACK
INTRINSIC
- Involves information available to the performer that is internal or arising from sensory systems
- It is often continuous in nature and arises from signals from the propoceptors found in the muscles, ligaments and joints
- Advantages: Readily available and movements can often be corrected and altered immediately. The performer does not have to rely on others and if the performer is at the autonomous stage of learning the feedback is often accurate
- Disadvantages: May not lead to accurate interaction if the performer is in the cognitive stage or is unable to interpret the info
- Some may interpret incorrectly and performance may deteriorate
- Some may be able to interpret the info more effectively
EXTRINSIC
- Is a form of external source to the performer
- It can lead to an improved performance and motivation, but if the feedback is incorrect the performance will deteriorate
- It should be used carefully are the performer could become to heavily dependent on it
- Advantages: The coach has the the ability to provide coaching point which may lead to improvements in performance as long as the feedback is accurate and relevant
- Disadvantages: Inaccurate feedback could result in negative transfer. Motivation drop due to source. Does not encourage limb movement awareness as much as intrinsic feedback
NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- Can be in the form of criticism and may concentrate on the poor aspects of the game and results
- Advantages: Well motivating resulting in more determination. Provides the performer with a clear idea of where they need to improve. Mostly targeted at autonomous learners who require further refinement of their skill
- Disadvantages: Can also demotivate the performer easily if they are in the cognitive stage or take harsh words badly. If the feedback in inaccurate and not relevant it may be detrimental to the learning process
KNOWLEDGE OF RESULTS
- Involves external feedback and comes from the performer seeing the result of their response or from another person usually a coach
- It is very important the performer knows what result there performance has had otherwise learning will not take place
EFFECTIVE FEEDBACK
- Limited amounts = there is a danger of overloading the performer with info, especially the novice
- Immediacy = the feedback should be given as soon as possible so that the performer can relate the info
- Related to the individual = at times team feedback is important but is most effective individual then they can relate and get faster progress
- Facilitating intrinsic feedback = Encourages the performer to realise for themselves what they are doing wrong and the quality of their performance and to able to correct errors
KNOWLEDGE OF PERFORMANCE
- Involves the pattern of movement that has taken place or is taking place
- Normally used in the form of external feedback