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The Middle and Near-East, a conflicted territory since the end of WW1…

- - - - Region of the fertile Crescent : https://www.thoughtco.com/fertile-crescent-117266
      - :world_map: Middle-East : from North of Turkey to south of arabic peninsula and from Egypt to Iran. Afghanistan and Pakistan sometimes added
      - :boat: Strategic passage (Suez Canal, Ormuz Detroit)
      - :world_map: Near-East : Countries having a Mediterranean facade + Jordan. Crossroad region.
    - - :latin_cross: Holy places of 3 monotheisms.
      - Influence of 3 big cultures : perse, turquish and arabic.
      - Culural and religious mosaïc
    - - 2/3 of petrol reserves
      - 40% natural gas reserves
      - :golf: Petrol : diplomatic weapon (petrol choc 79) + generator of conflicts (Gulf War)
- - - - Since 19th c. : interference of EU
        
        Through capitulation system : Ottomans want to create competition between EU countries
        
        Great Britain controls Road of the Indies
        
        France imposes catholic protectorate and religious missions
      - France and UK sign secret :closed_book: Sykes-Picot Accords (1916) : territorial promises contradictory to Arab Leaders and Zionist organisations.
        
        To Arabs : promises to Faycal (King of Arabia)
        
        :star: Zionists : :closed_book: Balfour declaration (1920) --> planned creation of a 'Jewish home State' in Palestine
      - :closed_book: Treaty of Sevres (1920) : borders imposed by EU
        
        :blue_heart: League of Nations entrusts arab territories to great powers to lead them to independence
        
        Strategic use of minority religious groups (= Lebanese Christians or Palestine Jews) by giving them territorial and political advantages
        
        Situation change when petrol found in Iraq and in the Gulf ==> conflicts
      - :green_book: "The Great Game" was a political and diplomatic confrontation that existed for most of the nineteenth century between the British Empire and the Russian Empire over Afghanistan and neighbouring territories in Central and Southern Asia.
    - - Towards colonial powers
        
        :purple_heart: Mastafa Kemal Atatürk
        
        Instaures a secular republic on the Occidental model (women's vote 25 years before France)
        
        Obtains the revision of borders in the :closed_book: Treaty of Lausannes (1923)
        
        On the other hand, repression of Arab revolts (Iraq 1921, Syria/Lebanon 1925, Palestine 1929/1936)
      - Within the regions' populations
        
        Intercommunitary tensions between Libanese Christians and Alawites in Syria
        
        Arab nationalists and Jewish community sustained by Great Britain ==> :closed_book: Great Revolts of 1936 and 1939
        
        Abolition of the califate by Atatürk in 1924
        
        Creates competition between region's leaders
        
        :purple_heart: Ibn Saoud conquers Arabic peninsula
        
        :purple_heart: Muslims Brothers (1922)
    - - :green_book: Arabism : feeling of belonging to the arab culture --> defined as population with a language and a common history
      - :green_book: Pan-Arabism : nationalism to unite all arab populations
      - :green_book: Islamism : political and religious ideology which affirms the superiority of Islam, rejection of the West, and application of the Sharia (Coranic Law) in all States.
      - Iraq + Egypt gain independence but maintained link with Great Britain
      - Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Transjordan emancipate after WW2
  - - - :purple_heart: Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized Suez Canal ==> funds to create dam (Assouan Dam) for economic independence
      - Support from USA + UN + USSR --> Cold War = control
      - :cry: Loss of influcence by old colonial powers
      - :smiley: Occasion for Nasser to build economic independence of the Third World while taking head of Arab Nationalism
    - - :bookmark: 1979 : turning point
        
        USSR interfere militarily in Afghanistan
        
        :green_book: Talibans : a Muslim fundamentalist group in Afghanistan. Born from a rural school network at the Afghan-Pakistani border
        
        :red_circle: Support of the communist government against the anti-communist muslim guerillas. Remained until 1989.
        
        :gun: When left, power remained vacant. led to civil war won by the talibans --> impose Islamic Republic (1996-2011)
        
        USA suppported the Shah monarchy
        
        :purple_heart: Ayatollah Khomeiny (spiritual guide of the Islamic revolution) overthrows government in :bookmark: Febuary 1979
        
        :frog: Shah was american ==> Puppet Regime (like South America)
        
        Government radicalisation
        
        :warning:Foreign policy : fight against the "big and small Satan" (US and their friends)
        
        Domestic policy : Elimination of iranians liberals
        
        The religious rhetoric starts to superpose the nationalist discourse
    - - :bridge_at_night: Oil stake : Build a strategic bridge between Western Asia and the West to incircle the USSR (containement politics)
      - :gun: USSR fights back by propaganding against Israel and supporting progressist regimes of Syria, Egypt, Iraq by delivering weapons
- - - - :star_of_david: The Wailing Wall of Salomon's Temple, destroyed by Titus
      - :latin_cross: Christian Basilica of the Holy Sepulcher
      - :star_and_crescent: Dome of the Rock
      - :star_and_crescent: Al-Aqsa Mosque
    - - No ressources = need to import
      - Many infrastructures = modern country + industry basin (only one in Orient)
      - Importance of tourism
  - - - :star_of_david: Antisemitism in Europe + Progroms in Russia = Zionist movement (end of 19th c.) for creation of Jewish home in Palestine
      - :closed_book: Balfour Decleration (1917) favored by British mandate ==> encourages immigration while favorising arabic nationalism
      - The 'Jewish Question' after WW2 Shoah ==> proclamation State of Israel by :purple_heart: Ben Gourion
    - - :closed_book: Six Day War (June 1967)
      - :closed_book: Kippour War (1973) : internationalisation of conflict ==> petrol choc
    - - :closed_book: Camp David Accords (78)
      - Splits arab countries.
      - Ressentments towards colonial powers
- - - - Saddam Hussein's Iraq :
        
        :crown: be leader of Arab World
        
        compete with Israel (dvlpmt non-conventional weapons)
        
        debt from Iran-Iraq War
      - :closed_book: Koweit Invasion (August 1990) :
        
        :car: 10% world's petrol,
        
        :boat: maritime outlet for Iraq (Ormuz Detroit)
        
        :moneybag: Koweit invests in the West (financial)
    - - Annexion condemned by UN and LEA
      - Operations Desert Shield (August 90) and Desert Strom (Jan. 91) by USA
    - - Social : "Gulf War Syndrome" + many dead + raped women
      - Environmental : approximately 11 million barrels of oil was released into the Arabian gulf + Iraqis while retreating from Kuwait, set fire to approximately 600 oil wells
      - Economic : Loss of infrastructures, cleaning up the oil slicks ( $700 million)