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Y9 GCSE Biology (B1.1 - Cell structure) (Specialisation in cells (Nerve…
Y9 GCSE Biology (B1.1 - Cell structure)
Eukaryotic cells
Plant cells (the organelles that they all have)
Ribosomes
Where protein synthesis takes place - all the proteins are made in the ribosomes
Cellulose cell wall
Strengthens and supports the cell
Mitochondria
Where aerobic respiration takes place in the cell
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like fluid where most chemical reactions occur
Permanent vacuole
Space filled with cell sap, used to keep the cell rigid and support the plant
Nucleus
Controls the cell
Cell membrane
Semipermeable, allows some substances to enter the cell
Animal cells (organelles found in all animal cells)
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Approximately 10 - 100 micrometres in length
Prokaryotic cells
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Genetic material
Flagella
Cell membrane
Plasmids
Cell wall
Approximately 1 micrometre in length
Specialisation in cells
Nerve cells
Many dendrites to make connection to other nerve cells
Axon carries nerve impulses from one place to another
Nerve endings (synapses) adapted to pass impulses using special transmitter chemicals
Myelin sheath insulates axon
Striated muscle cells
Special proteins that slide over each other making the fibres contract
Contain many mitochondria to transfer energy needed for the chemical reactions that take place as the cells contract and relax
Store glycogen, a chemical that can be broken down and used in cellular respiration by the mitochondria
Sperm cells
Long tail whips from side to side to help move the sperm through liquid
Middle section is full of mitochondria which transfer the energy needed for the tail to work
Acrosome (tip) stored digestive enzymes for braking the outer layers of the egg
Large nucleus contains genetic information to be passed on
Root hair cells
Greatly increase the surface area available for water to move into the cell
Large permanent vacuole that speeds up movement of water by osmosis from the soil across the root hair cell
Many mitochondria that transfer energy needed for active transport
Xylem cells
Special chemical called lignin builds up spirals in the cell walls. The cells die and form long hollow tubes that allow water and mineral ions to move easily through them
Spirals and rings of lignin make the cells very strong, supporting the plant stem
Phloem cells
Cell walls between the cells break down to form special sieve plates which allow water carrying food to move around the plant where it is needed
Supported by companion cells that help keep phloem cells alive. The mitochondria of companion cells transfer the energy needed to move dissolved food up and down the plant in phloem