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Role of African Americans in Gaining Civil Rights (Martin Luther King…
Role of African Americans in Gaining Civil Rights
Some African Americans:
Fought discrimination by challenging its legality
Stressed social and economic improvement above other goals (like gaining the vote)
Aimed for integration while the South aimed for segregation
Adopted peaceful methods, while others believed in violence and direct action
Booker T. Washington
Famous for gaining confidence of white Americans and moral authority amongst black Americans
Stressed importance of African American's own efforts to progress through;
responsibility
,
education
and
becoming prosperous
Tuskegee Institute 1881
Trained teachers and taught at high levels for African Americans
Backed by
John D. Rockefeller
and
Andrew Carnegie
, wealthy business tycoons and philanthropists
National Business League 1901
Encouraged African American enterprise and business ventures
W.E.B. Du Bois
Idea that an African American
elite
, the so-called
talented tenth
, would spearhead a movement for radical political change
Co-operated with white reformers in the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (
NAACP
formed in
1909
) and led marches and campaigns for equal civil and political rights
Marcus Garvey
Accepted need for economic enterprise and improvement backed by greater education. Did not pursue
Du Bois'
line of achieving equality within the system
Saw a
separate
African American society, aware of its roots and part of a wider
Pan African
(unity and solidarity amongst Africans across the world) movement as the goal
Universal Negro Improvement Association 1914
First large Civil Rights organisation in USA
4 million
members by
1920
Phillip Randolph
Followed
Du Bois'
idea. Also took ideas of economic development and rallied black
organised labour
to the cause of civil rights
Believed in mass
non-violent
protest and was influenced by civil disobedience campaign by
Ghandi
Pressured govt. to end discrimination in war production industries in
1941
by threatening a
mass march
. First time an African American influenced political sability
Martin Luther King
Took up tactics of marches and mass protests begun by
Du Bois
and
Randolph
. Similar dynamic leadership qualities as
Garvey
Co-operated with white liberals and used tactic of non-violence. King brought a new wave of campaign, using publicity and images effectivelt
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) 1957
March on Birmingham, Alabama and his arrest (1963). "I have a dream" speech
March on Washington 1965
Selma to Montgomery March 1965
Malcolm X and the Black Panthers
Malcolm X was of the
separatist tradition
. He worked with the
Nation of Islam
to promote African heritage. Was a powerful and influential leader
The
Black Panthers
developed from this.
Huey Newton
and
Bobby Seal
founded the
Black Panther Party for Self-Defence
in 1966
The Black Panthers had a radical social programme, calling for equality and armed resistance to authority and white hostility.