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Rise of Cognitive Psychology (Discusion on Information Theory (Miler…
Rise of Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Movement
Different disciplines (developed at same time)
Flourished 50s-60s
Mathematical & Technological Advances
Before and during WWII
Goal of tech = info handling (NEW)
Need for communication over long distances
Cracking sophisticated codes
Programming more flexible machines
Information presented as logical operations
Boolean Logic
Tech = useful for security systems
1 = ture, 0 = false
McCulloch & Pitts
Brain performs Boolean operations too
Real neutron adds signals from all receivers
Performs complex actions by basic connective neutrons (MCP)
Threshold needs to be met for each MCP
Two inputs + one output
Used to express information
Operations in the brain
Turing
Simple machines can use boolean logic to simulate performance of more complex machines
Turing machine = hypothetic machine - describes how computers work
Development of computer
Lahsley
Stimulus-response association is not enough
All dependent on previous
Anticipatory speech errors showed evidence of planning
Metaphor to understand mind/research
Information feedback - current state + end state = compared
Discrepancies bring closer to end goal
Turing Test
Human interacts with machine; human unaware
Performance reach human level, intellect = equivalent to human
Goal = artificial intelligence
New Approaches Published
Neisser
Publishes "Cognitive Psych"
Cognition = process how sensory info is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used
Cognition = processes operate in absence of relevant stimulation
Cognitive Psychology
Mid 1970s = interested in cognitive psychology not behaviourism
Cog. Psychcologits = conducted research and included mental representations
Behaviourist = Animal laerning, include cognitive processes into models (under pressure)
Features of Cognitive Psychology
Mental representations
Information patterns that represent knowledge and is gained through observations and algorithms are used
Broadbent
- Selective Attention
Broadbent's Filter (Early) Model of Attention
S > STS > SF > LCP > LTS/OP
Boxes-and-Arrows diagrams
Every box and arrow must be there or product would not be good
Describes the functionality
Says nothing about structure only function
Top-Down process
Complex processes
Boxes-and-Arrows diagrams a good start
Computational models - Computer programs that simulate human information processing
Challenge faced: Complexity of info processing
Complexity of language = under-estimated
Syntactic ambiguity
Homonyms
Top-Down = higher processing stage fed back to previous processing stages and influence processing at these stages
Bottom-up = sense basic feature of stimuli and then integrate them
Scientific Method
Experimental methods
1 Define a question, or hypothesis
2 Gather information
3 Form explanatory hypothesis
4 Test the hypothesis
5 Analyse the data
6 Interpret the data
7 Publish
8 Replicate
Sperling
's test of Broadbent's theory
Functioning looked at in a highly controlled experiement
Traces in STM fade while Ps are reporting
Report more if not required to report all
Interdisciplinary Pursuit
Psychology
Philosophy
Linguistics
Neuro-Science
Artificial Intelligence
Anthropology
Education
Sociology
Discusion on Information Theory
Behaviourism under pressure
People = excited with tech advancements
Turning point: 1956
Information Theory Symposium - storage communication of info
Miler
Limits of short term memory
7 +/- 2
Cognition includes processes where sensory input is
Transformed
Reduced
Elaborted
Stored
Recover
Used
Processes opperate in absence of relevant stimulation
Empirical evidence to consider mind as similar to computer w/ limited working memory
Simon + Newell
= Pioneered the field of AI
Chomsky
= S-R chain is incapable of making human language