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Adolescence (Risk Taking (Peer Influence (Gardner & Steinberg) (A'…
Adolescence
Risk Taking
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Brain Development
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- Rewarding just being around friends
- PFC isn't there to perform executive functions --> just reward (limbic)
- Ventral striatum lights up when friends watch them --> part of reward system
Peers AND Brain
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Stoplight RT game whilst in a scanner, observed by peers or alone
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Reward systems (Right ventral striatum & orbitofrontal cortex) activated only for A's when watched by peers
Puberty
Physical Development
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Growth spurts (height & weight) - 11 for girls, 13 for boys
Timing: N vs N
Nature
MZ twins get period within 2 months of each other, DZ = 8 months
Similar starting age to mother
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Raging Hormones
Hormone fluctuations associated with greater irritability, aggression & depression
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Psychological Impact
Earlier female puberty --> detrimental outcomes:
E.g. depression, eating disorders, academic achievement, sexual activity
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Magnified concerns about body & weight --> dieting
More likely to skip school, perform poorly & 2x more likely to have teen sex & pregnancy
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Executive Functions
Cognitive Development
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Selective attention, decisions, inhibitory control, working memory etc.
Prospective Memory
Remembering to carry out intended activities in the future
E.g. remember to call someone later -->hold in mind current tasks & remember to do things in the future
Wang: 14 & 20 y/o's:
Answer personality Q's (ongoing task) - put 2 ticks if the question includes a negative word (PM task) - manipulated emphasis
14y/o's = poorer on PM task (less likely to put 2 ticks) - no age effect if importance of PM emphasised
Emphasis = extra focus, none = how they would naturally perform
Decision Making
Hooper: Iowa Gambling Task (IGT) to test decision making
- 4 decks of cards presented
- Chance of winning or losing money each time you draw a card
- Pick randomly - then figure out good cards - adults work it out early on
The 14-17 y/o's made sig. more advantageous choices & shifted their preference earlier
Adults figure out quicker - adolescents still developing
Inhibitory Control
Response inhibition: The ability to inhibit compelling task-inappropriate responses & select appropriate ones
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Brain
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Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
Necessary for higher order brain functions:
- Decision making
- General cognitive control
- Thoughts & beliefs
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Peer Pressure
Relationships
Spend more time with peers, less time with parents
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Resisting PP
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Steinberg: 3,600 10-30 y/o's completed resistance to PP measure
- From 14 y/o --> rising resistance
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Social
Perspective Taking
Choudury: 8-36 y/o's completed an emotional perspective taking task
- Imagine either how they would feel or how another person would feel in different scenarios
- Choose 1 out of 2 emotional faces
- Quicker to answer about self
- Quicker with age for others
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