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Gender Development (Development (31 m/o children can successfully sort…
Gender Development
Development
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Even from pre-school children are well aware of gender differences and roles.
Liben: Children shown pictures of men and women in certain roles (Some stereotypical some counter stereotypical) -> Children would comment on counter stereotypical ones (Man cooking)
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Essentialism = all members of a category E.g Women have the same inherent characteristics (A cognitive bias)
Toy Preferences
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Boys interested in ST toys remains consistent until aged 13. Girls show decreased interest with age (Cherney)
^^ Maybe because girls toys are childish whereas boys toys are useful for progression also girl playing with boys toys don't get criticised but boys do
Shutts: 3 y/o had to pick new toys. Toys were endorsed by different social categories (gender, race and age)
They chose toys that were preferred by others of the same gender especially if it was another child (No race effect)
Nature or Nurture?
Rhesus monkeys - Males played with 'boys toys' for twice as long as girls toys -> suggests a biological element
Influences
Parents
Parents talk to their babies differently depending on gender (Mothers tend to use praise and talk more with girls)
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Will: observed parental interaction with same infant either called Beth or Adam - Behaved differently depending on gender (Smiled more with girls and gave doll)
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Later, child received more positive responses for picking up gender typed toys
Siblings
McHale: Longitudinal study
- Siblings interviewed every 3 years
- Oldest siblings gender typing predicted younger siblings GT (Greater influence than parents)
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Peers
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Gender segregation - preference for same sex playmates (Heightens gender differences due to exposure)
Culture
Lobel: Studied gender typing of 8 and 10 y/o in Taiwan and Israel
- T = More rigid gender typing (Collectivist)
- I = More flexible gender typing (Individualist)
Media
Ruble: Impact of gender in adverts
- Watched cartoon followed by advert showing gender neutral toy with either two boys or two girls playing with it
- Gave children the toy
- High gender constant children were effected by gender of children in the advert more
12 y/o asked to draw a scientist - boys drew a man, 50% of girls drew a woman
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Biology
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The Brain
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Lateralisation - Men use left side, women use both sides for phonological tasks
Men have more connections within one hemisphere, women have more connections between two hemispheres
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Gender Schema Theory
Information processing approach:
Children develop gender schemas E.g I'm a girl, Girls love pink therefore I love pink -> Alters the way we process information
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Stereotypes
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Challenging ST's - People can be androgynous for most abilities and roles, both genders can be nurturing, successful etc
Gender similarities hypothesis:
Meta analyses- Overlap is often grater than the difference between genders (Other individual differences explain the variation)