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Understanding Place and Space (Understanding Place (Globalisation + TSC…
Understanding Place and Space
Understanding Place
Defintion
Aspect of a place that humans have added for particular reasons
e.g. 10 Downing Street is a fixed location that can be plotted on a map, but is also the residence of the Primer Minister
Space exists between places + do not have meanings
One man's space may be another place
N Atlantic Ocean is a workplace to deep-sea fishermen + is a corridor for cargo ships
Factors of Place Perception
How we experience world influences out perceptions of it
Age
Changing residence
Younger people prefer small homes/apartments within city
Older people migrate to countryside
Gender
In diff. societies, roles of men and women are reflected in the way the 2 groups move around + types of places they can use
Building sites are norm. male-dominated
Gender division apparent in separation of public + private places
Women's place is at homes - until late 20th cent.
Males - factories, offices, sports
Division reflect how society sees roles of men + women
Sexuality
Influences how people use places
Some places acquire a meaning bc they are where LGBT groups tend to cluster
Mapped LGBT zones e.g. restaurants, pubs, bars that are "gay friendly"
Brighton = LGBT capital of UK
LGBT neighbourhoods - effective in winning political power e.g. election of LGBT members
The "pink" currency
Imp. in some locations in helping regeneration + rebranding of places
Brighton benefits from LGBT tourism as people seek out the places to visit where they can relax + feel secure
Religion
Places have spiritual meanings
Some natural landscape features are sacred
Ayers Rock - major role in aboriginal creation stories
buildings give locations specific meanings e.g. places of worship
Jerusalem - significant to many religions
Christianity - site of Christ's crucifixion
Islam - sacred shrine found there
Many religious places associated with refuge, peace + healing
Role
Influences perceptions + how we behave
Gain + lose roles thruout life = changing attitudes + perceptions of place
Influences perceptions of:
Fear, insecurity, anxiety
Reflected in ways boundaries include/exclude people/activities
Rapid growth of British towns in 19th cent. - many residential developments tried to exclude certain types of people from living in them
More communities have become more common in many countries
Emotional Attachment
Pos. memories = strong attachment + vice versa
People exiled from homeland = attachment to nations
Kurds
Ethnic groups across 4 ME countries
Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey
30 milliong Kurds here
2-3 million Kurd slive as diaspora e.g in Germany
Persecution - under Iraqi regime of Saddam Hussein
History of armed conflict with Turkish military
Kurdish nation - terrorist organisation by USA + EU countries
Globalisation + TSC
Globalisation
- increasing interconnectedness + interdependence
Changes ways people experience + understand places
Global village
- idea that world has become smaller bc of inter-connectedness
Comms. + flow of goods are quicker + more reliable
Local supermarkets
Most food is sourced from overseas
Availability of food no longer depends on season
Losers
People who can't use TSC to their adv. = sense of place doesn't fit with global village
Dislocation from places they come from + currently live in
Some may try to change their location
Winners
More + faster interconnections
Economic + social relations take place easily within a larger linear space
Representation: Media
Affects how agencies perceive place
Informal Media
TV + film play major roles in representing places - sound + sight
Cameras - wide-angled views = geographical context + zooms in on details
TV soaps - representation thru lives of people
Strong fictional representation - partly thru their community over the years
Movies e.g Lord of the Rings
Filmed in NZ
NZ then took the image to promote its tourism ind.
Formal Media
Spatial data
Places described + investigated
Census
Every 10 years
DOB, gender, qualifications, health, religion, housing employment etc.
Basic data source is household
Imp. for gov. in planning + allocation of resources to areas e.g. schools, healthcare, housing
Rural Places
Numerical data includes a degree of subjectivity + bias
Key Q doe collecting spatial data is where boundaries are drawn
Countryside village - but people may work, shop + spend leisure time outside of village
Census may consider this area rural - but do the residents think of themselves as rural dwellers?
Rural communities have several characteristics
Closely knit, supportive comm. where everyone knows each other
More ocnservative + traditional in views
More ethnically homogenous
Less mobility - spatially + socially
Understanding Space
Politics
Globalisation is turning space into time
Developed, developing, under developed
This contradicts the simultaneity + multiplicity of space
Turns (development) differences between countries into a historical trajectory
Space as a multiplicity = alternative political ideas rather than only development -
gestalt shift
Allows power relations to be mapped
Background
Spatial relations between people, cities, jobs etc. = understanding of politics + power
Space
- dimension of multiplicity
More focused on social relationships across a space than physical locality
Time
- dimension in which things happen one after the other
Focus in placed on how things are arranged
Space + time are interconnected
Space cuts thru the myriad of stores people are living at one moment
Global Relations
Social space is a product of people's relations with each other
Globalisation
Geography of power
Distributions of relations mirrors the power relations within society
England
Power Relations: London
Key in the last 30 years of globalisation
Centre for financial globalisation
Very powerful institutions located there
Neo-liberal economics which London has been a part of
North + South Divide
Changes the society in which people live
Cultures
Politics
Increases inequality between people
Emotional Attachment: The Kurds
Background
3 main factors
Land
Resisted advance of ISIS in Syria
History
Identity
Emotional attachment to a place can influence people's behaviours + activities in a place
The Kurds
4th largest ethnic group in ME
25-35 million Kurds are spread across 5 countries
Turkey
Iraq
Iran
Syria
Armenia
Have increasingly influenced regional developments recently
Fought for autonomy in Turkey
Own language - though they have no standard dialect
Majority are Sunni Muslims - but they have a number of different religions
History
Never had a permanent state
Post-WW1
Ottoman Empire defeated
1920 Treaty of Sevres - Western allies made provision for a Kurdish state
1932 Treaty of Lausanne - set the boundaries for modern Turkey but made no provision for Kurdistan
Fighting ISIS
ISIS advance in Iraq drew the country's Kurds into conflict
Gov. of Iraq's semi-autonomous Kurdistan Region sent its Peshmegra forces to areas abandoned by the army
US-led multinational coalition launched air strikes in N Iraq + sent military advisors to help Peshmegra
Turkey refused to attack IS group near its border or allow Turkish Kurds to defend it = Kurdish protests
YPG (armed winf of Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party (PYD) became key ally of US-led coalition battle agaisnt IS
One of the few effective partners on the ground in Syria
Turkey
Kurds = 15-20% of Kurdish state
Uprising in 20s + 30s
Many Kurds were resettled
Kurdish identity was denied
Kurdish names + costumes were banned
Use of Kurdish land. restricted
1978 -
PKK
established
Called for an independent state within Turkey
1984 - armed struggle
40,000 people killed since
2012 - Gov. + PKK began peace talks
Ceasefire agreed following year
Clashes have continued
2015 - Ceasefire collapsed
Bc suicide bombing (blamed on ISIS) killed 33 young activists in a predominantly Kurdish town
PKK attacked Kurdish soldiers + police
Syria
Unequal rights
30,000 Kurds denied citizenship since 60s
Kurdish land confiscated + redistributed to Arabs to 'Arabize' Kurdish regions
Arresting political leaders to limit demands for greater autonomy
7-10% of Syria's population
Syrian conflict began in 2011
Kurdish enclaves were mostly unscathed by the first 2 years on conflict
Main Kurdish parties publicly avoided taking sides
2012 - Kurdish forces withdrew to concentrate on fighting rebels elsewhere = Kurdish groups took control
2014 - PYD + KNC united
Declared the democratic autonomous gov.
Branches based in 3 Kurdish enclaves
Not seeking independence from Syria but 'local democratic administration' within a federal framework
Salih Muslim
PYD leader
Insists any political settlement will have to include legal guaranties for Kurdish rights + recognition of Kurdish autonomy
Denied that his party is allied to the Syrian gov.
Iraq
15-20% of Iraq's population
More national rights than in neighbouring states
1946 - KPD formed
To fight for autonomy in Iraq
1961 - KPD launched armed struggle
1970 - Gov. gave Kurds an autonomous region
Collapsed 4 years later + fighting resumed
Late 70s - gov. began settling Arabs in areas w Kurdish majorities
Esp. around oil-rich city of Kirkuk
Kurds forcefully relocated
2003 - KPD + PUK cooperated with US-led invasion of Iraq
Toppled Saddam Hussein
2005 - KPD + PUK goverened in coalition with Kurdish Regional Gov.
KRG sought to maximise Kurdish autonomy
Built a pipeline to Turkey + exported oil independetly
Globalisation + TSC
Time-Space-Compression
Background
The shrinking of the world refers to the connections between countries - hours from anwhere
Is bc of capitalism seeking new marketse + speeding up the turnover time for capital
Areas affected
Economic production
Transp.
Comms.
Innovations that condenses spatial + temporal distances
Key Changes
Economic Production
JIT
Goods and transported in shorter time + only in vols. ordered
More product differentiation - increases customer expectations of 'unique' products
JIS
For JIT to work, everything must be in sequence
Advantages
Don't have to pay for storage
Perishable goods won't suffer - reduces wastage
Don't have to pay insurance
Decreases cost + time
Decentralised Manufacture
Components of goods are produced in many diff. countries
Components are then brought to an area to be assembled + sold
This area will be close to the market where they are sold at
Advantages
Fast production + shipping times
= complex supply chains across many countries
Reduces travel costs
Transport
Containerism
System of standardised transport
Containers can be easily transferred between diff. modes of transp.
All containers specifically packed so that they are ehading in same dir.
Felixstowe is one of largest container ports in world
Advantages
Reduced time taken for loading + unloading at world ports
Computer controlled cranes operate at world ports - increasing no. of these reduces supply times
Transportation of huge amounts
Effective
Air Freight
Suppliers are varied between seasons in N+S Hemisphere
e.g. NZ exports apples for Eng. in winter months
Advantages
More goods travel by air = wider market for perishable goods
Tear-round supply of products in supermarkets
Faster delivery times
Wider range of products year-round
Air Travel
Increasing traffic hubs
Increased flight travel
New + expanding airlines e.g. Fly Emirates
Passenger travel for business + tourism continues to rise =
Connections to distant places
Increased destinations across Central Asia, Africa + Latin America -
shrinking world
Comms. Technologies
Social Media
Allows people to remain in touch
Reduces travel + increases contact between people
Free advertising
Saves money
Reaches many people
Narrows search to target market
Instant advertising
Telecommunication
People don't have to travel to meet
Saves time
Saves money to employee - and employer if employee claims mileage
More convenient to work from home
Esp. when employee has other commitments
Don't have to sacrifice other commitments of jobs
GPS Data + Mapping Services
Takes insecurity one feels when travelling somewhere new
Opens people to new places + experience
V. effective for elderly
Convenient - shows areas of high congestion + provides alternative routes
Saves time + money
Greater safety - hands-free
Automatically upgraded = accuracy + reliability
Globalisation
Process by which world is becoming increasingly interconnected
Bc of increased trade + cultural exchange
Hugely increased since WW2
Effects
Increased international trade
Greater interdependence of countries
Free movement of capital, goods, people + services
Global recognition of TNCs
Increased cultural exchange
Grwoth of competing glocal cultures + orgs.
Mill Rod.- glocal in nature but with local businesses prioritised
Decline of distinctive local cultures + rise of global, commidified cultures
Increased global peace + security