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Theory of Mind (Deception (Involves manipulating others thoughts and…
Theory of Mind
Deception
Involves manipulating others thoughts and behaviours. Children aged 2 can instil false beliefs in others (Footprints)
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More advanced mental state understanding: Faux pas study - children heard vignettes (painting story) & popularity measured --> Older & more popular children = better at task (Banerjee)
Influences
Siblings
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BUT:
- Only older siblings and you're 3yrs+
- Children with child aged sibling scored sig. better
Mothers
Read child a story - Mothers who talk to their infant as though they understand predicts ToM performance (Use of mental state language)
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Language
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Milligan: Meta analysis testing the link between language and ToM
- Language ability and false belief performance are strongly associated
- Relationship stronger for early language & later ToM understanding
Language comes first, ToM second
Cultural Differences
Harris: Tested ToM with Cameroon children using a culturally appropriate false belief task - 3 y/o answered correctly (All previous test usually use white western children)
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What is ToM?
Premack & Woodruff: do chimps have ToM? - No, need beliefs, desires & intentions
- We will never know what others are thinking --> ToM
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We need to think about what others are thinking to predict, explain & manipulate other's behaviours
Measurements
False beliefs: A belief that is not true of reality -
- E.g. left dog outside - think its still there, but it was stolen -->
- What you believe is false
- When you realise it was stolen - no longer false belief
- We know others' belief is false - despite own knowledge of reality
1st order ToM: Thinking about others' beliefs &/or desires
- Unexpected transfer task
- Unexpected contents task
Unexpected Transfer Tasks: Maxi, Sally-Anne, Smarties (Perner)
Developing ToM
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Desires from emotions- Sometimes people have different desires to you. Exp. pretended she liked broccoli and asked child to give her something she liked, 18 m/o gave her broccoli, younger didn't.
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