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Chapter 22 (Section 2 (stems (adaptations (storing excess food,…

- - - - support leaves and reproductive structures
      - transportation
    - - storing excess food
      - withstanding tough conditions
      - survival
    - - woody
        
        rigid, fibrous
      - bark
        
        tough, corky tissue, protection
      - herbaceous
        
        soft, flexible, photosynthesis
  - - - anchor plant
      - support plants against gravity and extreme conditions
      - transport water and other materials throughout plant
    - - epidermis (found in inner boundary of cortex
        
        with root hair
        
        with casparian strip
        
        each cell of the endodermis is encircled by this waterproof strip which forces substances to pass through
      - cortex
        
        layer between epidermis and vascular tissue
      - root cap
        
        tip of root. consists of parenchyma cells
        
        protects root tissue
        
        reduces friction as root grows
      - pericycle
        
        next to endodermis, toward center of root, produces lateral root
    - - fibrous
        
        numerous branching roots that are the same size and grow from central point. water storage
      - modified
        
        pneumatophores are adapted to supply oxygen to roots underwater
        
        adventitious roots form unusual support structure.
      - taproot
        
        consists of thick root with few smaller lateral branching roots
        
        storage and deep growth to reach water
- - - - elongated and flexible
      - support for surrounding tissues
      - cell division
      - thick wall
    - - support and transportation
      - thick wall
      - lacks cytoplasm and other components
      - two types
        
        scelereids: sone cells, sharp and irregular shape
        
        fibers: needle shape, form tough elastic tissue
    - - flexible thin walls
      - cell division
      - storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection
  - - - xylem (water carrier)
        
        vessel elements: are tubular cells that are stacked end to end. lack end walls, free movement of water
        
        tracheids: pitted end to end, have end walls, no free movement of water
      - phloem (transport)
        
        sieve tube members have cytoplasm and no nuclei
        
        companion cells have nuclei
    - - not the other tissues, includes the three cell tissues
    - - layer of cells that makes up the outer covering of a plant: epidermis
      - adaptations
        
        changes into the shape of guard cells
        
        trichomes (hairlike projections) that gives leaves fuzzy appearance and prevents preditation
        
        root hairs increase root surface area of absorption
    - - intercalary
        
        in monocot stem, produces new cells that increase stem or leaf growth
      - lateral
        
        increase root and stem diameter
        
        vascular cambium
        
        thin cylinder
        
        cork cambium
        
        produces cells that form protective layer
      - apical
        
        tissues at tip of root and stem, responsible for growth
- - - - moves via parenchyma cells
      - promotes flow of oxygen
      - fruits falling down
      - apical dominance
    - - cell division
      - transports via vascular tissue
    - - diffuse between cells or phloem
      - sweetness
      - affects raging of leaves
    - - influenced by auxin
      - cell division
      - stimulates production of proteins for mitosis
      - travels via xylem